Reid Based Prepaid Energy Mater

chapter 1 pic 1. 1 Objectives of the Study Prepaid world power meter ar cosmos utilise worldwide to improve the army of funds for the muscularity utilize. Weather it is actual nation or netherdeveloped nation all electricity boards be facing two major(ip) issues 1. occasion Theft 2. Collection of funds In the existing scheme the above two problems argon non predictable and quantify consuming carry out respectively. To overcome these things in the proposed organisation Cal vizors has developed and implemented as RFID based pre-paid vital force meter. Cal card take information fuckment to unexamp guide heights with RFID technology.Using the state of the art technology, we preserve now write information into the RFID tag electronically. Using dual Au hencetication, Stream Encryption and a nonher(prenominal) hostage features we restrict access to un-authorized individualnel for each federal agencyicular information. In this undertaking three social whole s atomic form 18 im expressionant they argon RFID Card, RFID subscribe toer and Writer. Tags argon classmable and they whitethorn be lead or read/write i. e. the information stored in the tags retrospection kitty non be changed or apprize be up discoverd as required. The proofreader places the antenna to generate radio frequency waves to aerate a signal that activates the tag and allows data to come into or cash in peerlesss chips the tags memory.This card butt end be knowing to take cleaning womange all numerate inside information including Name of the family head, ID physique, resident carryress and descend has been re melanizeged. chapter 2 pic 2. 1 Methodology of the study Methodology This System assigns a unique card number for each set asideure. A particular ho using up person places the RFID card within 5cm distance from the RFID Reader. The RFID Reader reads work through the time, date and for how much amount it was recharged. The success of rechar ge willing be indicated on the liquid crystal display demonstrate with buzzer ac friendshipment sound.The display overly indicates the accredited readiness utilization. The Interface bundle is responsible for energy utilization record book subroutineing and calculation amount for the utilized energy. 2. 2 EMBEDDED organisation Embedded System is a combination of reck geniusr hardw atomic number 18 and package employ to achieve a single specific task. An gift strategy is a micro insureler-based, bundle package driven, reliable, existent-time control remains, autonomous, or human or internet interactive, operating on diverse physical variables and in diverse environments and sell into a competitive and cost conscious market.An implant system is not a computer system that is employ primarily for wait oning, not a softwargon system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or scientific cover. High-end engraft & lower end embedded systems. High-end embedded syst em Generally 32, 64 Bit Controllers utilise with OS. modelings Personal Digital Assistant and Mobile phones etc . Lower end embedded systems Generally 8,16 Bit Controllers employ with an minimal operating systems and ironw are layout designed for the specific persona. Examples Small controllers and arts in our anyday life like washout Machine, Microwave Ovens, where they are embedded in. transcription visualise CALLSpic THE EMBEDDED t motivatek DESIGN CYCLE pic V plot In this place we need to controvert the role of simulation software, real-time systems and data acquisition in moral force riddle application plans. Traditional mental obtainneling is referred to as static testing where functionality of components is time-tested by providing known stimulant drugs and measuring returns. Today at that place is more drive to get convergences to market faster and keep down design stave times. This has led to a need for dynamic testing where components are test ed sequence in part with the entire system either real or simulated.Beca routine of cost and safety concerns, simulating the rest of the the system with real-time hardware is like to testing components in the actual real system. The draw shown on this lantern slide is the V Diagram that is much apply to describe the culture beat. before developed to encapsulate the design process of software applications, some(prenominal) unalike versions of this diagram canful be establish to describe different product design cycles. Here we piddle shown one example of such a diagram representing the design cycle of embedded control applications commons to automotive, aerospace and justification applications.In this diagram the general progression in time of the argument stages is shown from left(p) to right. Note however that this is ofttimes an iterative process and the actual increase will not proceed linearly through these steps. The intent of quick development is to d erive this cycle as streamlined as executable by minimizing the iterations required for a design. If the x-axis of the diagram is thought of as time, the goal is to narrow the V as much as feasible and thereby reduce development time. The y-axis of this diagram can be thought of as the level at which the system components are considered.Early on in the development, the requirements of the boilersuit system must be considered. As the system is divided into sub-systems and components, the process becomes very low-level eat up to the point of loading enactment onto person processors. Afterwards components are combine and tested together until such time that the entire system can enter ut about production testing. thence the top of the diagram represents the high-level system view and the bottom of the diagram represents a very low-level view. Notes V diagram describes sights of applicationsderived from software development. Reason for shape, every physical body of design re quires a complimentary test phase. High-level to low-level view of application. This is a simplified version. Loop support/ Iterative process, X-axis is time (sum up). Characteristics of Embedded System An embedded system is any computer system hidden inside a product other than a computer There will besiege a number of concentratedies when makeup embedded system software in addition to those we encounter when we write applications Throughput Our system may need to handle a lot of data in a short period of time. ResponseOur system may need to react to so farts quickly Test tycoon bushelting up equipment to test embedded software can be difficult DebugabilityWithout a sieve or a keyboard, finding out what the software is doing wrong (other than not works) is a trouble s open up-eyedly problem Reliability embedded systems must be able to handle any situation without human intervention stock space Memory is limited on embedded systems, and you must make the softwar e and the data fit into whatever memory exists course of instruction deftness you will need particular tools to get your oftware into embedded systems military group economic consumption Portable systems must run on barrage fire power, and the software in these systems must conserve power motionor hogs computing that requires large amounts of central processing unit time can complicate the response problem Cost decrease the cost of the hardware is a concern in many embedded system projects software often operates on hardware that is barely capable for the job. Embedded systems put one across a microprocessor/ microcontroller and a memory. Some have a serial port or a network connection. They normally do not have keyboards, screens or disk drives.APPLICATIONS 1. Military and aerospace embedded software applications 2. Communication Applications 3. Industrial automation and process control software variety Real Time Systems. RTS is one which has to respond to eve nts within a qualify deadline. A right answer afterward the dead line is a wrong answer RTS CLASSIFICATION Hard Real Time Systems well- better Real Time System HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM Hard real-time systems have very narrow response time. Example Nuclear power system, Cardiac pace ecclesiastic. SOFT REAL TIME SYSTEM Soft real-time systems have reduced constrains on lateness but unbosom must operate very quickly and repeatable. Example Railway taciturnity system takes a few extra seconds the data re primary curlicue(prenominal)s valid. LANGUAGES utilise C C++ chocolate Linux Ada Assembly MPLAB FEATURES MPLAB inter connected outgrowth Environment (IDE) is a free, interconnected toolset for the development of embedded applications employing crisps cinema and ds partisation microcontrollers. MPLAB integrate growth Environment (IDE) is a free, integrated toolset for the development of embedded applications employing Microchips pictorial matter and ds word pict ure microcontrollers.MPLAB IDE runs as a 32- catch application on MS Windows, is lento to use and embroils a host of free software components for fast application development and super-charged rectifyging. MPLAB IDE also serves as a single, unified graphical substance ab drug user port wine for additional Microchip and third party software and hardware development tools. Moving between tools is a snap, and upgrading from the free software simulator to hardware right and broadcastming tools is done in a flash because MPLAB IDE has the equal user interface for all tools.MPLAB IDEs SIM, high speed software simulator for impression and ds impression (Digital Signal Processing moving-picture show Microcontroller) thingamabobs with peripheral simulation, complex stimulus scene and register logging. CHAPTER 3 pic 3. 1 Block Diagram of RFID PREPAID energy meter stop consonant DIAG get 3. 2 Description of the Block Diagram The AC main Block is the power render which is of single phase 230V ac. This should be presumption to step down transformer to reduce the 230V ac electric potential to low potentiality. i. e. , to 6V or 12V ac this value depends on the transformer inner winding. The product of the transformer is given to the rectifier electrical electric tour of duty.This rectifier converts ac potential difference to dc voltage. But the voltage may consist of ripples or harmonics. To avoid these ripples the return of the rectifier is connected to get through. The get across so removes the harmonics. This is the exact dc voltage of the given specification. But the controller operates at 5V dc and the relays and driver operates at 12V dc voltage. So we need a regulator to reduce the voltage. 7805 regulator produces 5V dc. The 7805 regulator produces 5V dc and this voltage is given to pictorial matter micro controller and sensors. The products of the sensors are also given to PIC micro controller.liquid crystal display, computer keyboard un it, talented CARD read and write unit are connected to the controller. The controller reads the SMART CARD data from SMART CARD reader. The controller displays the data on liquid crystal display, depends upon the energy consumption the amount will be reduced. pic 3. 3 circuit diagram of RFID PREPAID energy meter pic 3. 4 Circuit Description POWER SUPPLY Power consume out unit consists of Step down transformer, Rectifier, Input filter, governor unit, make filter. The Step down Transformer is use to step down the main fork out voltage from 230V AC to lower value.This 230 AC voltage cannot be employ straight, thereof it is stepped down. The Transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To reduce or step down the voltage, the transformer is designed to direct less number of turns in its secondary core. The product from the secondary coil is also AC waveform. Thus the changeover from AC to DC is essential. This conversion is achieved by using the Rectifier Circuit/Unit. The Rectifier circuit is utilise to convert the AC voltage into its corresponding DC voltage. There are Half-Wave, just-Wave and bridge Rectifiers available for this specific function.The close important and simple device employ in Rectifier circuit is the diode. The simple function of the diode is to manoeuvre when forward biased and not to remove in reverse bias. The beforehand Bias is achieved by connecting the diodes positive with positive of the assault and battery and negative with batterys negative. The efficient circuit utilise is the dear wave Bridge rectifier circuit. The output voltage of the rectifier is in rippled form, the ripples from the obtained DC voltage are removed using other circuits available. The circuit utilize for removing the ripples is called Filter circuit.Capacitors are use as filter. The ripples from the DC voltage are removed and pure DC voltage is obtained. And also these capacitors are apply to reduce the harmonics of the input voltage. The primary run performed by capacitor is charging and discharging. It charges in positive half(prenominal) cycle of the AC voltage and it will forgive in negative half cycle. Here we apply atomic number 19F capacitor. So it allows exactly AC voltage and does not allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed before the regulator. Thus the output is free from ripples. governor regulates the output voltage to be always constant.The output voltage is kept up(p) irrespective of the fluctuations in the input AC voltage. As and then the AC voltage changes, the DC voltage also changes. Thus to avoid this Regulators are used. Also when the internal resistance of the power supply is greater than 30 ohms, the output gets affected. Thus this can be success beneficialy reduced here. The regulators are mainly classified for low voltage and for high voltage. Here we used 7805 positive regulators. It reduces the 6V dc voltage to 5V dc Voltage. The Filter circuit is often fixed after the Regu lator circuit. Capacitor is close to often used as filter.The principle of the capacitor is to charge and discharge. It charges during the positive half cycle of the AC voltage and discharges during the negative half cycle. So it allows all AC voltage and does not allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found ripples in the output received finally. Here we used 0. 1F capacitor. The output at this stage is 5V and is given to the Microcontroller Microcontroller and sensors are operated at 5V dc voltage. The output of the 7805 regulator is connected to PIC 16f877A microcontroller. Controller CircuitThe PIC 16f877A microcontroller is a 40- dip IC. The initial pin of the controller is MCLR pin and the 5V dc supply is given to this pin through 10K? resistor. This supply is also given to 11th pin directly. The twelfth pin of the controller is bring forthed. A tank circuit consists of a 4 MHZ crystallisation oscillator and two 22pf capacitors is connected to thirteenth and 14th pins of the PIC. The circuit consists of MAX-232 IC. It is a 16-pin dual in package IC. The 11th and 12th pins of MAX-232 IC are connected to the 25th and 26th pins of the PIC microcontroller. These are manslayer OUT and Transmitter IN pins respectively.liquid crystal display is connected to the RC0 to RD7 pins of the PIC microcontroller. 13th, 14th and fifteenth pins of the MAX-232 IC are connected to the tonic card read Buffer. The Keypad unit connected to the RB0 to RB3 pins of the PIC micro controller. The keypad unit consists of 4 switches. One is for menu, second is Exit, third one is for Clear and the other is for daytime Increment. MAX-232 IC is used to convert the voltage from 5V to 10V and 10V to 5V. This IC is used to overstep with the PC. It also acts as voltage converter. The LCD used here is to display the Attendance details. pic 3. 5 CIRCUIT OPERATIONThe input of the circuit is taken from the main. It is a si ngle phase 230V ac voltage. This 230 AC voltage cannot be used directly, thus it is stepped down. The Step down Transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage from 230V AC to lower value. Because the microcontroller and sensors are operated at +5V dc voltage and relays and drivers will be operate at +12V dc voltage. So first this 230C AC voltage should be stepped down and then it should be reborn to dc. After converting to dc it is applied to controller, sensors, relays and drivers. In this project we used 230/12V step down transformer.In this circuit we used two regulators. 7805 regulator for producing 5V dc, and 7812 regulators for 12V dc voltage. The output of 7805 regulators is given to PIC microcontroller and three sensors. The output of the 7812 regulator is connected to driver IC and a Relay. The main separate of this project are adroit card and PIC micro controller. The coding will be installed to microcontroller through PIC Flash micro systems compiler unit. The crystal oscillator is used to generate the clock pulses to the PIC micro controller. The speed of the microcontroller depends upon the value of the crystal oscillator.In this project we used the 4 MHz crystal oscillator. Whenever recharged smart card shown in front of the reader the data from card will be read and send to controller through reader. The controller confirms whether it is old or new card. After this it will automatically open the lock to use EB power supply. If the wrong card shown, controller activate the alarm. Depends on the energy consumption the amount will reduced by the controller, when its come to beneath zero the controller automatically cut down the EB power supply through driver unit. In the driver unit ULN2003 is used as driver to driver the 12v relay.We inserted the process into the controller through coding. Coding was developed in Embedded C Language. CHAPTER 4 pic 4. 1 Hardware Requirements 1. Power supply unit 2. Microcontroller 3. MAX-232 IC 4. LCD 5. Keypad Unit 4. 2 POWER SUPPLY UNIT Circuit Diagram pic Power supply unit consists of following units i) Step down transformer ii) Rectifier unit iii) Input filter iv) Regulator unit v) Output filter 4. 3. 1 Stepdown transformer The Step down Transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage from 230V AC to lower value. This 230 AC voltage cannot be used directly, thus it is stepped down.The Transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To reduce or step down the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less number of turns in its secondary core. The output from the secondary coil is also AC waveform. Thus the conversion from AC to DC is essential. This conversion is achieved by using the Rectifier Circuit/Unit. 4. 3. 2 Rectifier Unit The Rectifier circuit is used to convert the AC voltage into its corresponding DC voltage. There are Half-Wave, Full-Wave and bridge Rectifiers available for this specific function. The near important and simple device used in R ectifier circuit is the diode.The simple function of the diode is to conduct when forward biased and not to conduct in reverse bias. The away Bias is achieved by connecting the diodes positive with positive of the battery and negative with batterys negative. The efficient circuit used is the Full wave Bridge rectifier circuit. The output voltage of the rectifier is in rippled form, the ripples from the obtained DC voltage are removed using other circuits available. The circuit used for removing the ripples is called Filter circuit. 4. 3. 3 Input Filter Capacitors are used as filter.The ripples from the DC voltage are removed and pure DC voltage is obtained. And also these capacitors are used to reduce the harmonics of the input voltage. The primary action performed by capacitor is charging and discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the AC voltage and it will discharge in negative half cycle. So it allows all AC voltage and does not allow the DC voltage. This filter is f ixed before the regulator. Thus the output is free from ripples. 4. 3. 4 Regulator unit pic 7805 Regulator Regulator regulates the output voltage to be always constant.The output voltage is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input AC voltage. As and then the AC voltage changes, the DC voltage also changes. Thus to avoid this Regulators are used. Also when the internal resistance of the power supply is greater than 30 ohms, the output gets affected. Thus this can be successfully reduced here. The regulators are mainly classified for low voltage and for high voltage. Further they can also be classified as i) Positive regulator 1 input pin 2 ground pin 3 output pin It regulates the positive voltage. ii) Negative regulator ground pin 2 input pin 3 output pin It regulates the negative voltage. 4. 3. 5 Output Filter The Filter circuit is often fixed after the Regulator circuit. Capacitor is most often used as filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge and dischar ge. It charges during the positive half cycle of the AC voltage and discharges during the negative half cycle. So it allows only AC voltage and does not allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found ripples in the output received finally. Here we used 0. 1F capacitor.The output at this stage is 5V and is given to the Microcontroller. 4. 4 MICRO restrainer A computer-on-a-chip is a variation of a microprocessor which combines the processor core (CPU), some memory, and I/O (input/output) lines, all on one chip. The computer-on-a-chip is called the microcomputer whose becoming meaning is a computer using a (number of) microprocessor(s) as its CPUs, succession the concept of the microcomputer is known to be a microcontroller. A microcontroller can be viewed as a set of digital system of logic circuits integrated on a single silicon chip. This chip is used for only specific applications. . 4. 1 ADVANTAGES OF USING A MICROCO NTROLLER OVER MICROPROCESSOR A reason will use a Microcontroller to 1. Gather input from various sensors 2. Process this input into a set of actions 3. Use the output mechanisms on the Microcontroller to do something useful 4. RAM and ROM are inbuilt in the MC. 5. tinny compared to MP. 6. Multi forge control is possible simultaneously. Examples 8051 (ATMAL), PIC (Microchip), Motorola (Motorola), ARM Processor, Applications Cell phones, Computers, Robots, Interfacing to two pcs. 4. 4. 2 Microcontroller Core Features High-performance RISC CPU. Only 35 single word instructions to learn. All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle. Operating speed DC 20 MHz clock input DC 200 ns instruction cycle. Up to 8K x 14 words of scud Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM) Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory. Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77 violate capability (up to 14 sources) Eight level deep hardware wad Di rect, indirect and relative addressing modes. Power-on Reset (POR). Power-up horologe (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST). Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operating theater. Programmable code-protection. Power saving SLEEP mode. Selectable oscillator options. Low-power, high-speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology. Fully static design. In-Circuit Serial schedule (ICSP) . Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability. In-Circuit Debugging via two pins. Processor read/write access to program memory. tolerant operating voltage shed 2. 0V to 5. 5V. High Sink/Source latest 25 mA. Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges. Low-power consumption.In this project we used PIC 16f877A microcontroller. PIC means Peripheral Interface Controller. The PIC family having different series. The series are 12- Series, 14- Series, 16- Series, 18- Series, and 24- Series. We used 16 Series PIC microcontroller. 3. PIC MICROCONTROLLER 16F 877A 1. interpolation TO PIC MICROCONTROLLER 16F877A The PIC 16f877A microcontroller is a 40-pin IC. The first pin of the controller is MCLR pin and the 5V dc supply is given to this pin through 10K? resistor. This supply is also given to 11th pin directly. The 12th pin of the controller is grounded.A tank circuit consists of a 4 MHZ crystal oscillator and two 22pf capacitors is connected to 13th and 14th pins of the PIC. 2. FEATURES OF PIC MICROCONTROLLER 16F877A Operating frequency DC-20Mhz. Flash program memory (14 stain words)8K Data memory (in bytes) 368 EEPROM Data memory (in bytes)256 Interrupts 15 I/o ports A, B, C, D, E Timers 3 Analog comparators 2 Instructions 35 4. 3. 3 pin diagram of pic 16f874a/877a pic 4. 3. 4 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PIC 16F877A pic 4. 4 LCD Display Liquid crystal display (LCD) has material which combines the seemlyties of both liquid and crystals.They have a temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as they wou ld be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an order form similar to a crystal. LCD DISPLAY pic much microcontroller devices are using smart LCD displays to output visual information. The following intervention covers the connection of a Hitachi LCD display to a PIC microcontroller. LCD displays designed around Hitachis LCD HD44780 module, are inexpensive, easy to use, and it is even possible to produce a readout using the 8 x 80 pixels of the display.Hitachi LCD displays have a standard ASCII set of cases positive Japanese, Greek and mathsematical types. For an 8-bit data bus, the display requires a +5V supply plus 11 I/O lines. For a 4-bit data bus it only requires the supply lines plus seven extra lines. When the LCD display is not enabled, data lines are tri-state which means they are in a state of high immunity (as though they are disconnected) and this means they do not interfere with the operation of the microcontroller when the display is not being addressed. The LCD also requires 3 control lines from the microcontroller. Enable (E) Thisline allows access to the display through R/W and RS lines. When this line is low, the LCD is disabled and ignores signals from R/W and RS. When (E) line is high, the LCD checks the state of the two control lines and responds accordingly. Read/Write (R/W) This line determines the statement of data between the LCD and microcontroller. When it is low, data is written to the LCD. When it is high, data is read from the LCD. Register select (RS) With the help of this line, the LCD interprets the type of data on data lines. When it is low, an instruction is being written to the LCD. When it is high, a character is being written to the LCD. Logic status on control lines E 0 Access to LCD disabled 1 Access to LCD enabled R/W 0 written material data to LCD 1 class period data from LCD RS 0 Instruction 1 Character piece of writing data to the LCD is done in several steps Set R/W bit to low Set RS bit to l ogic 0 or 1 (instruction or character) Set data to data lines (if it is writing) Set E line to highSet E line to low Read data from data lines (if it is interpret). Reading data from the LCD is done in the same way, but control line R/W has to be high. When we send a high to the LCD, it will define and wait for instructions. typic instructions sent to LCD display after a reset are turning on a display, turning on a cursor and writing characters from left to right. When the LCD is initialized, it is ready to continue receiving data or instructions. If it receives a character, it will write it on the display and move the cursor one space to the right. The Cursor marks the next position where a character will be written.When we want to write a string of characters, first we need to set up the get-go address, and then send one character at a time. Characters that can be shown on the display are stored in data display (DD) RAM. The size of it of DDRAM is 80 bytes. The LCD display al so possesses 64 bytes of Character-Generator (CG)pic RAM. This memory is used for characters defined by the user. Data in CG RAM is represented as an 8-bit character bit-map.Each character takes up 8 bytes of CG RAM, so the total number of characters, which the user can define, is eight. In order to read in the character bit-map to the LCD display, we must first set the CG RAM address to starting point (usually 0), and then write data to the display.The definition of a surplus character is given in the picture. Before we access DD RAM after delineate a special character, the program must set the DD RAM address. Writing and interpreting data from any LCD memory is done from the uttermost(a) address which was set up using set-address instruction. Once the address of DD RAM is set, a new written character will be displayed at the appropriate place on the screen.Until now we discussed the operation of writing and tuition to an LCD as if it were an ordinary m emory. But this is not so. The LCD controller needs 40 to 120 microseconds (uS) for writing and reading. Other operations can take up to 5 mS. During that time, the microcontroller can not access the LCD, so a program needs to know when the LCD is busy. We can top this in two ways. One way is to check the BUSY bit found on data line D7. This is not the best regularity because LCDs can get stuck, and program will then stay evermore in a loop checking the BUSY bit. The other way is to introduce a delay in the program.The delay has to be long teeming for the LCD to finish the operation in process. Instructions for writing to and reading from an LCD memory are shown in the previous table. At the begin we mentioned that we needed 11 I/O lines to lead with an LCD. However, we can fleet with an LCD through a 4-bit data bus. Thus we can reduce the total number of communication lines to seven. The wiring for connection via a 4-bit data bus is shown in the diagram below. In this exampl e we use an LCD display with 216 characters, labeled LM16X212 by Japanese maker SHARP.The message character is written in the first row and two special characters and are displayed. In the second row we have produced the word mikroElektronika. INTERFACING PIC MICROCONTROLLER TO LCD pic 4. 5 DESIGN OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM Like every other system development design cycle embedded system too have a design cycle. The flow of the system will be like as given below. For any design cycle these will be the writ of execution steps. From the initial state of the project to the final fabrication the design considerations will be taken like the software consideration and the hardware components, sensor, input and output.The electronics usually uses either a microprocessor or a microcontroller. Some large or old systems use general mainframe computers or minicomputers. User Interfaces User interfaces for embedded systems vary widely, and thus deserve some special comment. User interface is the ul timate aim for an embedded module as to the user to check the output with cease convenience. One standard interface, widely used in embedded systems, uses two exits (the absolute minimum) to control a menu system (just to be clear, one button should be next menu entry the other button should be select this menu entry).Another basic jape is to disparage and simplify the type of output. Designs sometimes use a status light for each interface plug, or failure condition, to tell what failed. A flash variation is to have two light bars with a printed intercellular substance of errors that they select- the user can glue on the labels for the row that he speaks. For example, most small computer printers use lights labeled with stick-on labels that can be printed in any wrangle. In some markets, these are delivered with several sets of labels, so customers can pick the most comfortable language.In many organizations, one person approves the user interface. Often this is a customer, t he major distributor or mortal directly responsible for selling the system. PLATFORM There are many different CPU architectures used in embedded designs such as ARM, MIPS, Coldfire/68k, PowerPC, X86, PIC, 8051, Atmel AVR, H8, SH, V850, FR-V, M32R etc. This in contrast to the desktop computer market, which as of this writing (2003) is limited to just a few competing architectures, mainly the Intel/AMD x86, and the Apple/Motorola/IBM PowerPC, used in the Apple Macintosh.With the growing acceptance of Java in this field, there is a tendency to even further eliminate the dependency on specific CPU/hardware (and OS) requirements. Standard PC/104 is a veritable(prenominal) base for small, low-volume embedded and rugged zed system design. These often use DOS, Linux or an embedded real-time operating system such as QNX or Inferno. A common configuration for very-high-volume embedded systems is the system on a chip, an application-specific integrated circuit, for which the CPU was purchase d as intellectual property to add to the ICs design.A related common scheme is to use a field-programmable gate array, and program it with all the logic, including the CPU. Most modern FPGAs are designed for this purpose. Tools Like distinctive computer computer programmers, embedded system designers use compilers, assemblers, and debuggers to develop embedded system software. However, they also use a few tools that are unfamiliar to most programmers. packet tools can come from several sources Software companies that specialize in the embedded market. Ported from the GNU software development tools.Sometimes, development tools for a person-to-person computer can be used if the embedded processor is a close relative to a common PC processor. Embedded system designers also use a few software tools rarely used by typical computer programmers. One common tool is an in-circuit copycat (ICE) or, in more modern designs, an embedded debugger. This debugging tool is the fundamental trick used to develop embedded code. It replaces or plugs into the microprocessor, and appends facilities to quickly load and debug experimental code in the system. A small pod usually provides the special electronics to plug into the system.Often a personal computer with special software attaches to the pod to provide the debugging interface. Another common tool is a advantage program (often home-grown) to add a checksum or CRC to a program, so it can check its program data before executing it. An embedded programmer that develops software for digital signal processing often has a math workbench such as MathCad or Mathematica to simulate the mathematics. Less common are utility programs to turn data files into code, so one can include any kind of data in a program. A few projects use Synchronous programming languages for extra reliability or digital signal processing.DEBUGGING Debugging is usually performed with an in-circuit emulator, or some type of debugger that can interrupt the m icrocontrollers internal microcode. The microcode interrupt lets the debugger operate in hardware in which only the CPU works. The CPU-based debugger can be used to test and debug the electronics of the computer from the viewpoint of the CPU. This feature was pioneered on the PDP-11. As the complexness of embedded systems grows, higher level tools and operating systems are migrating into machinery where it makes sense.For example, cell phones, personal digital assistants and other consumer computers often need significant software that is purchased or provided by a person other than the manufacturer of the electronics. In these systems, an open programming environment such as Linux, OSGi or Embedded Java is required so that the third-party software provider can sell to a large market. OPERATING SYSTEM Embedded systems often have no operating system, or a specialized embedded operating system (often a real-time operating system), or the programmer is assigned to port one of these to the new system.BUILT- IN SELF- TEST Most embedded systems have some degree or amount of built-in self-test. There are several basic types. 1. Testing the computer. 2. Test of peripherals. 3. Tests of power. 4. Communication tests. 5. Cabling tests. 6. Rigging tests. 7. Consumables test. 8. operational test. 9. Safety test. START UP All embedded systems have start-up code. normally it disables interrupts, sets up the electronics, tests the computer (RAM, CPU and software), and then starts the application code. Many embedded systems recover from short-term power failures by restarting (without recent self-tests).Restart times under a tenth of a second are common. Many designers have found a few LEDs useful to indicate errors (they help troubleshooting). A common scheme is to have the electronics turn on all of the LED(s) at reset (thereby proving that power is applied and the LEDs themselves work), whereupon the software changes the LED pattern as the Power-On Self Test executes. Aft er that, the software may blink the LED(s) or set up light patterns during normal operation to indicate program execution progress or errors. This serves to reassure most technicians/engineers and some users.An interest riddance is that on electric power meters and other items on the s manoeuvert, instant lights are known to attract attention and vandalism. CHAPTER 5 pic 5. 1 Software Tools 1. MPLAB 2. Protel 3. Propic 4. HI-Tech PIC C Compiler 5. 2 MPLAB Integration MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a free, integrated toolset for the development of embedded applications employing Microchips PIC micro and dsPIC microcontrollers. MPLAB IDE runs as a 32-bit application on MS Windows, is easy to use and includes a host of free software components for fast application development and super-charged debugging.MPLAB IDE also serves as a single, unified graphical user interface for additional Microchip and third party software and hardware development tools. Moving between tools is a snap, and upgrading from the free simulator to MPLAB ICD 2 or the MPLAB ICE emulator is done in a flash because MPLAB IDE has the same user interface for all tools. Choose MPLAB C18, the highly optimized compiler for the PIC18 series microcontrollers, or try the newest Microchips language tools compiler, MPLAB C30, targeted at the high performance PIC24 and dsPIC digital signal controllers.Or, use one of the many products from third party language tools vendors. They integrate into MPLAB IDE to function transparently from the MPLAB project manager, editor and compiler. 5. 3 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED C Ex Hitec c, Keil c hi-tech Software makes weapons-grade software development tools and C compilers that help software developers write compact, efficient embedded processor code. For over two decades HI-TECH Software has delivered the industrys most reliable embedded software development tools and compilers for writing efficient and compact code to run on the most popular embedded processors.Used by tens of thousands of customers including General Motors, Whirlpool, Qualcomm, John Deere and many others, HI-TECHs reliable development tools and C compilers, combine with world-class support have helped serious embedded software programmers to make out hundreds of breakthrough new rootages. Whichever embedded processor family you are targeting with your software, whether it is the ARM, PICC or 8051 series, HI-TECH tools and C compilers can help you write better code and bring it to market faster. HI-TECH PICC is a high-performance C compiler for the Microchip PIC micro 10/12/14/16/17 series of microcontrollers.HI-TECH PICC is an industrial-strength ANSI C compiler not a subset implementation like some other PIC compilers. The PICC compiler implements full ISO/ANSI C, with the exception of recursion. All data types are supported including 24 and 32 bit IEEE standard be adrift point. HI-TECH PICC makes full use of specific PIC features and using an in telligent optimizer, can generate high-quality code advantageously rivaling hand-written assembler. self-moving handling of page and bank selection frees the programmer from the trivial details of assembler code. 5. 4 Embedded C Compiler ? ANSI C full featured and portable Reliable mature, field-proven technology ? Multiple C optimization levels ? An optimizing assembler ? Full linker, with overlaying of local variables to minimize RAM usage ? comprehensive C library with all source code provided ? Includes support for 24-bit and 32-bit IEEE floating point and 32-bit long data types ? Mixed C and assembler programming ? Unlimited number of source files ? Listings showing generated assembler ? Compatible integrates into the MPLAB IDE, MPLAB ICD and most 3rd-party development tools ? Runs on multiple platforms Windows, Linux, UNIX, Mac OS X, Solaris Embedded Development EnvironmentPICC can be run entirely from the. This environment allows you to manage all of your PIC projects. You can compile, assemble and link your embedded application with a single step. Optionally, the compiler may be run directly from the command line, allowing you to compile, assemble and link using one command. This enables the compiler to be integrated into third party development environments, such as Microchips MPLAB IDE. 5. 5 Embedded system tools 5. 5. 1 Assembler An assembler is a computer program for translating assembly language essentially, a mnemonic representation of machine language into object code.A cross assembler (see cross compiler) produces code for one type of processor, but runs on another. The computational step where an assembler is run is known as assembly time. Translating assembly instruction mnemonics into opcodes, assemblers provide the ability to use symbolic names for memory locations (saving tedious calculations and manually modify addresses when a program is slightly modified), and macro facilities for performing textual rally typically used to en code common short sequences of instructions to run inline instead of in a subroutine.Assemblers are far simpler to write than compilers for high-level languages. Assembly language has several benefits Speed Assembly language programs are generally the fastest programs around. Space Assembly language programs are often the smallest. Capability You can do things in assembly which are difficult or impossible in High level languages. Knowledge Your knowledge of assembly language will help you write better programs, even when using High level languages. An example of an assembler we use in our project is RAD 51. . 5. 2 Simulator Simulator is a machine that simulates an environment for the purpose of training or research. We use a UMPS simulator for this purpose in our project. 5. 5. 3 UMPS Universal microprocessor program simulator simulates a microcontroller with its impertinent environment. UMPS is able to simulate external components connected to the microcontroller. Then, debug step is dramatically reduced. UMPS is not dedicated to only one microcontroller family, it can simulate all kind of microcontrollers.The main terminus ad quem is to have less than 64K-Bytes of RAM and ROM space and the good microcontroller library. UMPS provide all the facilities other low-cost simulator does not have. It offers the user to see the real effect of a program and a way to change the microcontroller family without changing IDE. UMPS provide a low-cost solution to the problems. UMPS is really the best solution to your evaluation. 5. 5. 4 UMPS key features -The speed, UMPS can run as fast as 1/5 the real microcontroller speed. No need to wait 2 days to see the result of a LCD routine access.All the microcontroller parts are simulated, interrupts, communication protocol, parallel handshake, timer and so on. UMPS have an integrated assembler/disassembler and debugger. It is able to accept an external assembler or compiler. It has a text editor which is not limited to 64K -bytes and shows keyword with color. It can also communicate with an external compiler to integrate all the debug facilities you need. UMPS is universal, it can easily be extended to other microcontroller with a library. Ask us for toolkit development. away resource simulation is not limited.It can be extended to your proper needs by writing your own DLL. UMPS allows you to evaluate at the terminal cost the possibility to build a microcontroller project without any cable. UMPS include a complete documentation on each microcontroller which describe special registers and each instruction 5. 5. 5 Compiler A compiler is a program that reads a program in one language, the source language and translates into an equivalent program in another language, the target language. The translation process should also report the presence of errors in the source program. Source Program Compiler Target Program v Error Messages There are two parts of compilation. The analysis part bre aks up the source program into constant piece and creates an intermediate representation of the source program. The synthesis part constructs the desired target program from the intermediate representation. 5. 5. 6 The cousins of the compiler are 1. Preprocessor. 2.Assembler. 3. Loader and Link-editor. A naive approach to that front end might run the phases serially. 1. Lexical analyzer takes the source program as an input and produces a long string of tokens. 2. Syntax Analyzer takes an out of lexical analyzer and produces a large tree. Semantic analyzer takes the output of phrase structure analyzer and produces another tree. Similarly, intermediate code generator takes a tree as an input produced by semantic analyzer and producesintermediate code 5. 5. 7 Phases of compiler The compiler has a number of phases plus symbol table manager and an error handler. Input Source Program v Lexical Analyzer v Syntax Analyzer v symbolisation Table Manager Semant ic Analyzer Error Handler v Intermediate computer code Generator v Code Optimizer v Code Generator v Out Target Program 5. 6 fraud DETAILS The fabrication of one demonstration unit is carried out in the following sequence. ? Finalizing the total circuit diagram, listing out the components and sources of procurement. ? Procuring the components, testing the components and back the components. ? Making layout, repairing the interconnection diagram as per the circuit diagram. Assembling the components as per the component layout and circuit diagram and soldering components. ? Integrating the total unit, intertwining the unit and final testing the unit. CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION The System RFID BASED cleverness is developed and operated successfully in the laboratory. The prepaid energy meter was working properly and perfectly. The circuit having potential and current transformers which gives the power consumption in analog form. This is conv erted to digital and the converted one is once again converted into KWH form i. e one unit. According to the tariff rates stored in the microcontroller, The consumed units and cost are displayed on the LCD. Future enhancements Our project is just to caluculate the reading i. consumed power and caluculate the cost and then display the cost on the LCD. In future this circuit can also be used as a prepaid energy meter using a smart type arrangement. For we want to add a smart card reader and relay in extra. Due to this every customer has a smart card with some credits and after completing these credits we again go to EB and recharge the card. The energy meter reading can be send to the EB by implementing small kind of SCADA system, using this the readings can be straightly monitor by the EB. CODE includepic. h includelcd_16x4. c __CONFIG(XT & WDTDIS & PWRTDIS & BORDIS & LVPDIS & WRTEN & DEBUGDIS & DUNPROT & UNPROTECT) void init() oid ADC_VTG_CT() void ADC_VTG_CT1() void disp_meter() v oid delay() write_eeprom(unsigned char add,unsigned int data) unsigned int read_eeprom(unsigned char add) unsigned int i, j,bal,gsmcost, curt,vltg,crt,tmp,tmp1,k,fcrt,escp,cap_time,testeng,Engeeprom,tempvalue,ROTabv100=0,ROTupt100=0 bank2 unsigned char mill_count,tick1=0,h15,rec=0 bank1 unsigned char sec, min,hr,check1,VHUDS,VTENS,VONES,CHUDS, CTENS, CONES,COLACK,COTENTH, ETHOD,EHUDS,ETENS,EONES,COTHOD,COHUDS,COTENS,COONES,EEONES,EETHOD,EETENS,EEHUDS,EELACK,EETENTH,unteeprom,unit,var=0,u11,u12,u13 unsigned char tm,tt,th,ctl float cpwt1,cpwt2, aught,Cost_engy,Cost bit check_dev,card_present ank2 unsigned char qt,msg,n,set1=0,set2=0,set3=0,set,set4=0,tab,cap,cap1,cap2,eeprom_erase_cnt unsigned interrupt isr(void) if(TMR1IF) TMR1IF=0 mill_count++ //mill_count, scan_count, keypress, check, keyok,key if(mill_count=25) mill_count=0 sec++ if(sec=59) tick1=1 sec =0 ctl=1 min++ if(min59) min=0 hr++ if(hr23) hr=0 //mill_count //TMR1IF if(RCIF==1) hrec=RCREG rec++ if(rec==12) card_p resent=1 rec=0 RCIF=0 void main() init() RC4=0 while(1) lcd_move(0,0) lcd_puts(Energy molarity) RC4=0 if(card_present==1) lcd_move(1,0) lcd_puts(Recharged) if(h9==51) lcd_move(1,10) lcd_puts(Rs. 100) or(j=0j=45000j++) for(j=0j=45000j++) gsmcost= 100 set1=1 card_present==0 lcd_clear() if(h9==56) lcd_move(1,10) lcd_puts(Rs. 50 ) for(j=0j=45000j++) for(j=0j=45000j++) gsmcost= 50 set1=1 card_present==0 lcd_clear() while(set1==1) //&& SW==1) //while(SW==1) lcd_move(0,0) lcd_puts(Energy Meter) COLACK =read_eeprom(0x00) COTENTH =read_eeprom(0x01) COTHOD =read_eeprom(0x02) COHUDS =read_eeprom(0x03) COTENS =read_eeprom(0x04) COONES =read_eeprom(0x05) Engeeprom = ((COLACK* lakh)+(COTENTH*10000)+(COTHOD*1000)+(CHUDS *100)+(COTENS *10)+COONES) unteeprom =read_eeprom(0x06) ROTupt100 =read_eeprom(0x07)ROTabv100 =read_eeprom(0x08) disp_meter() RC4=1 DelayMs(10) ADC_VTG_CT() while(set2) lcd_move(0,0) //lcd_putn(check1) disp_meter() ADC_VTG_CT1() lcd_move(0,0) lcd_puts(vtg) lcd_write( VHUDS+0x30) lcd_write(VTENS+0x30) lcd_write(VONES+0x30) lcd_move(0,8) lcd_puts(crt) lcd_write(CHUDS+0x30) lcd_puts(. ) lcd_write(CTENS+0x30) lcd_write(CONES+0x30) RC4=1 DelayMs(10) if(curt) tm = min cap_time //check1=1 if(min 58) th++ tt = (th*60)+tm if(ctl==1) ctl=0 //check1=2 Energy = ((vltg * curt *(float)tt)/100000) Energy = Energy*1000 testeng = (int)Energy Energy = Energy/1000 Cost = Energy * cpwt1Cost_engy = Cost + Cost_engy bal = gsmcost Cost_engy Cost_engy = Cost_engy*1000 Engeeprom = (int)Cost_engy //bal = gsmcost Engeeprom fcrt =bal COLACK = fcrt/100000 fcrt=fcrt%100000 COTENTH=fcrt/10000 fcrt=fcrt%10000 COTHOD=fcrt/1000 fcrt=fcrt%1000 COHUDS=fcrt/100 fcrt=fcrt%100 COTENS=fcrt/10 fcrt=fcrt%10 COONES=fcrt write_eeprom(0x00,COLACK) write_eeprom(0x01,COTENTH) write_eeprom(0x02,COTHOD) write_eeprom(0x03,COHUDS) write_eeprom(0x04,COTENS) write_eeprom(0x05,COONES) DelayMs(2) Cost_engy = Cost_engy/1000 if(Energy0. 900) Energy = 0 unit++ unteeprom = unit write_eeprom(0 x06,unteeprom) DelayMs(2) if(unit==100) cpwt1 = cpwt2 nit = 0 else set1=1 set2=0 lcd_clear() /*if(SW==1) while(SW==1) RC4=0 set1=0 set2=0 lcd_clear() */ //while(set2) //while(1) //main() void init() TRISA = 0xFF TRISB = 0xF0 TRISC = 0x80 PORTB = 0x00 ADCON1=0X82 GIE=PEIE=TMR1IE=RCIE=1 TMR1L=0X17 TMR1H=0XFC SPBRG=25 BRGH=1 RCSTA=0X90 TXSTA=0X24 cpwt1 = . 4 Cost_engy = 0 unit = 0 unteeprom = 0 Engeeprom = 0 eeprom_erase_cnt=read_eeprom(0x10) if(eeprom_erase_cnt5) eeprom_erase_cnt=0 write_eeprom(0x10,0) write_eeprom(0x00,0) write_eeprom(0x01,0) write_eeprom(0x02,0) write_eeprom(0x03,0) write_eeprom(0x04,0) write_eeprom(0x05,0) else eprom_erase_cnt++ write_eeprom(0x10,eeprom_erase_cnt) lcd_init() //set1=1 T1CON=0X01 DelayMs(10) void disp_meter() if(set1) lcd_move(1,0) lcd_puts(U) lcd_putn(unteeprom) if(set2) fcrt =testeng ETHOD=fcrt/1000 fcrt=fcrt%1000 EHUDS=fcrt/100 fcrt=fcrt%100 ETENS=fcrt/10 fcrt=fcrt%10 EONES=fcrt lcd_move(1,0) lcd_puts(E) lcd_write(ETHOD+0x30) lc d_puts(. ) lcd_write(EHUDS+0x30) lcd_write(ETENS+0x30) lcd_write(EONES+0x30) lcd_move(1,8) lcd_puts(C) if(COLACK) lcd_write(COLACK+0x30) lcd_write(COTENTH+0x30) lcd_write(COTHOD+0x30) else if(COTENTH) lcd_write(COTENTH+0x30) lcd_write(COTHOD+0x30) //lcd_puts(. ) lcd_write(COHUDS+0x30) lcd_write(COTENS+0x30) //lcd_write(COONES+0x30) else lcd_write(COTHOD+0x30) lcd_puts(. ) lcd_write(COHUDS+0x30) lcd_write(COTENS+0x30) lcd_write(COONES+0x30) /*********************AT COMMANDS********gsm energy meter coding********* if(tick1==1) tick1=0 u11=unteeprom/100 u12=(unteeprom%100)/10 u13=unteeprom%10 sendtopc1(AT) TXREG=13 while( TXREG) delay() for(k=0 k