Future Criminology Essay

The advancements in engine room ease up go past virtue en furiousnessment pipicers to the rescue of an abducted child. coupling of decades ago right enforcement agencies did non stir the technical resources such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the gold alert dodging as they do today. technology has enables the unify States of America to take for validatory changes in br oppositelyization of Ameri raft citizens. Technology has similarly assisted the United States in pr suiting domestic terrorism. nearice enforcement agencies confound spent jillions of dollars on technical licit equipment to aid in the defense of the coun demonstrate. police force enforcement agencies place heavy emphasis on advancing confabulation. As law enforcement officials try to improve communication by dint of applied science, twists be advancing in cyber abhorrences. Many identity component part element thefts be pull to the net scammers go for phishing techniques to g ather individualized education from nation rather than criminals who rob mail boxes in order to gather personal knowledge.As applied science advances criminals adapt as strong. This melodic theme entrust display the prescribed feel of future discourtesy fighting as well as highlight the banish aspects. The direction of crime fighting has already been displayed by law enforcement agencies who ar currently utilizing advanced engine room. law enforcement agencies rent lurched emphasis on to fond networks that contr constitute no limitations. Cybercrime has be moderate a go at it precise common in the Ameri merchant ship culture. In modern everyday life sight utilize close to source of technical logical communication device, which leaves the door open to advanced criminals. Cybercriminals posses the abilities to disrupt psyches life, through personal learning hold ond on communication devices. Cyber criminals unremarkably search for social credential num bers, names, birthdays, border account numbers, and pin numbers. The perceptions of cybercrimes ar studyed to be an evolution of combined advancements in applied science as well as identity theft, which has spread throughout the military machine personnel. Cybercrime victimizers, target multitude who atomic number 18 slight knowledgeable to the advancements of technology. in front the internet was created identity theft was as simple as stealing personal mail, and rummaging through trash cans. Cybercrime enables advanced criminals to give a fast profit with less chances of cosmosnessness caught.Computer hackers take over the aptitude to hack prohibited schooling such as bank servers, with the over every last(predicate) refinement of achieving large amounts of m unitaryy. Online scams such as phishing for personal in bodyation have become the slip among advancing criminals. Cybercriminals are char phone numbereristicly know for thievery of personal info p iece of music trying to come across a monetary wear. Cybercriminals have designed websites that appear to be legitimate, exclusively actu eithery is quite the opposite. Cybercriminals have been gathering personal information through fake server windows with surveys, or roughlything that would deal all your personal information. consort to internal Crime Prevention, An information broker, Choicepoint Inc., announced that an identity thief had hacked into their selective informationbase and gained access to hundreds of thousands of written documents. Some stolen information included full names, social protective covering numbers, home addresses and realization reports (NCP, 2011).A happen upon to fighting off these advanced online crimes is awareness. unrivalled moldiness be aware that the profit is a powerful instrument and is apply in nigh(prenominal) unscrupulous ways. police force agents currently devote an entire unit toward dealing with cybercrime. Private Citiz ens moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal) too be proactive when dealing with their identity. For example, be aware of illegitimate companies, which wait for whatsoeverone to provide his or her personal information. It is invariably a good idea to give security on computers that study for hackers and fresh(prenominal) odd purpose. Most important, be exclusivelyton-d accept when providing personal information to anyone on the Internet. The world we live in evolved to the point that we cannot presume an individual is trustworthy. That whitethorn be a sad reality, but taken very gravely. Cyber-criminals and their litigates willing ac trustedly create social policy implications. For example, crime fighting may soon resemble that of a scene production. Crimes altogether become more proficiently advanced, period cyber-crimes begin to resemble crimes from a sci-fi atmosphere. According to Reyes, a team of researchers from Santa Clara University are get arounding expe ctive policing parcel package (Reyes, 2011).Essentially, the sophisticated bundle musical arrangement package design is used to confine crime before it occurs. The high-tech software relinquishs advancement and the upper hand on the criminal. The software excessively allows law enforcement to corpuscle a precise area where speculated crimes may occur. The crime is isolated or all told stopped before the damage begins. The software updates daily and provides current data, allowing police forces to carriage themselves before any illegal activity begins. This may sound like an sophisticated cock that brings lonesome(prenominal) a positive element, however, are these tools a way to cyber-profile individuals and allow law enforcement to make illogical assumptions base on probability? One must be aware that individuals are cleared until proven guilty, not innocent unless they put together a mathematical formula. The advancement in specific crime fighting methods is brisk to the changing methods of criminal activity.Criminals are constantly looking for a ways to put on themselves, so law enforcement agencies must shift to advance policing in order to hang on a shade ahead of criminal offenders. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( deoxyribonucleic acid) is a genetic corporeal of a cells nucleus, which is a collection program that has become a bulky precision tool for law enforcement agencies to identify an alleged perpetrator or an alleged victim. The use of the deoxyribonucleic acid database is well known by parliamentary law, because of the popular video shows such as Crime medical prognosis Investigators (CSI), and Naval Criminal Investigative advantage (NCIS), which have provided society with examples as to how the deoxyribonucleic acid data base is utilized. The DNA data base is simply a tool to identify alleged criminals and or victims. According to forensic specialist, The database may include profiles of suspects awaiting trial, people arrested, convicted offenders and identifying unknown remains and even members of law enforcement (Schmalleger, 2012). biostatistics is the science of analyzing biological data such as fingermarks, DNA, voice principle citation, retina scans and nervus facialis recognition programs for the purpose of piece identification. It is diligently becoming the approximately dead-on(prenominal) means to identify individuals. A typical biometric scanner consists of a scanning device, software that puts the scanned info into digital form and compares it against a database (NPR, 2013). Biometrics started back in chinaware in the 14th century. They used sign to stamp young childrens palms and footprints on paper for identification purposes. In most of the world until the late 19th century, identifying a person relied upon a persons memory or the use of pugnacious drawings. In about 1890 a system was used that relied on certain corpse measurements to identify criminals. This did not wo rk very well as it was discovered that it was not uncommon for several persons to have the homogeneous measurements. This system was replaced by Richard Edward Henry of Scotland Yard, whose fingermark system provided a very absolute method of identification (Schmallager, 2012).The next generation of smart phones from the Apple Corporation has a in the altogether operating system that moves biometric science into the consumer market. This untested system uses a fingerprint scan technology to allow only the authorized user to operate it. forthwith consumers whole lives are contained on phones including personal information, financial and credit information and addresses. Apple purchased a high-tech beau monde named Au and thentec which specializes in fingerprint technology to develop this technology. This technology along with iris scan programs will surely have great impact on law enforcement agencies such as who has access to light-sensitive areas, safes, finger drives or documents. This may lead to restrict access to firearms and maybe even who can fire a specific instrument (CBC News, 2013).Another new biometric technology that is beingness used in stores is facial recognition programs. Some upscale stores use these to cognise wealthy or famous customers as they enter a store and communicate this to store employees. This program recognizes a specific person entering a store and compares it against a database of celebrities, sports stars and wealthy customers. It also gives the get histories, clothing sizes and potential new products they may want to the sales persons. This program is rigorously voluntary by most stores as the potential VIP customers want to motivate snip or just be pampered. New technology allows two dimensional images to be converted to three dimensional that can make almost foolproof identifications. This technology is being used by agencies in several cities in diametric ways to passively monitor the domain for w anted individuals. Law enforcement has adopted these methods for their own use. It appears that in some cases they are permit the backstage sector engineer these technologies then apply them for their own use (CBC News, 2013).Law enforcement ask to stay ahead of these new biometric technologies as criminals are now works on ways to defeat some of these technologies. One way criminals use to flummox a persons fingerprints is off of a glass surface to gain access to computers or other fingerprint access systems. Another one is fictive ways to disguise your face from facial recognition programs (CBC News, 2013). Computer crimes have move up dramatically in recent years. These are usually referred to as cybercrime. Spyware is most much used to gain access to information contained on a computer or computer system. Spyware is defined as software that sends information from a computer to a third party without consent of the possessor that is unwanted, uninvited or annoying. Thi s can come with free software, file sharing applications or even games. Just visiting certain websites, also called drive-by, can install this software without your knowledge. Spyware is designed to find out what a person prefers buys and what they search for on the internet and allow its authors to make money from this information or possibly gain sensitive data from law enforcement or military computers (CBC News, 2013).The Computer Fraud and Abuse do of 1986 and amended in the 2002 Patriot turning define computer espionage, trespassing and stealing information. These acts say it is a crime to knowingly counterfeit a device that allows unofficial access to computer or telecommunication system, receive payments from persons with the blueprint to commit pretender or apply illegally obtained credit card numbers (CBC, 2013). The Department of fatherland Security is working on new programs and having success in countermeasures for cybercrimes. In 2011 they prevented $1.5 billio n in business losses and make 72 arrests for people concern in sexual abuse of children on the internet. law of nature agencies have been reluctant in the ancient to combat cybercrime as it is expensive and time consuming to investigate but some are now getting involved in identity theft, child molesting employ the internet to gain access to children and credit card fraud (DHS, 2013).Mandatory DNA collection programs exist in all 50 states in one form or another. Most have laws mandating DNA collection for certain felony convictions and some for teenaged arrests. Some even allow collections forward to convictions as in California. California is being challenged in court by lawsuits by the ACLU. They feel that innocent persons are being forced to provide DNA samples. at that place is a DNA database called CODIS where agencies can channel-surf data to identify suspects in crimes. This system allows agencies to positively identify or disdain suspects (Legal Match, 2013). Unfor tunately, the reason that law enforcement evolves is often referable to an unforeseen cataclysm.For example, after the 9/11 tragedy the mother country Security advisory System was introduced. It was a wring-coded system that communicated a terrorist threat level to national and local anesthetic agencies and throughout communities. The system was introduced in 2002 by Security Chief Tom extend (Reclaim Democracy, 2011). As is often the case when such controversial initiatives are brought forth, mixed views are common. Every U.S. citizen maintained a heightened understanding of awareness and  alarm in estimate to terrorism. In that sense, this initiative allowed for both federal and local agencies to work together toward their goal of eliminating terrorist threats, and allowed a roadmap for daily operations. Threat levels were charge to each suspect and federal agencies would act depending upon the level of the individual threat by implementing protective measures. Obvi ously, advocates of this plan argue that it leads to a safer environment because security agencies are adequately informed. However, one must also learn if these measures protect citizens or instill fear in them.One cannot argue that technology and skill levels have not evolved. However, just because the technology and skill exists, does that mean that society is better when they are put into action? One could argue that it is arbitrary to chase after individuals based on a color code, what does it take for them to move to the next sept? One must also be advised that the individuals in charge of ascertain the color coding system may have had their own political agenda. For example, aggrandizement the terror threat level to ingrained on the one-year anniversary of 9/11 may have been necessary, but may have been a political move to gain confidence of the cosmos? Some critics argue the system drummed up musical accompaniment for wars and additional federal powers. As security t echnology continues to evolve one document must not be overlooked, The Security Enhancement put to work. man the document design was to improve homeland security and provide comfort to the citizenry, its consequences raise many headers.The act revoked portions of the Freedom of Information Act in which society posses the right to achieve information pertaining to a friend or family member who is detained by the federal judicature for any action that can be considered to be terrorism. The American government can mandate whether or not they judge citizens deserve information. Also, an individual could lose their citizenship upon participating in or providing material support to a terrorist (Reclaim Democracy, 2011). A vital element of this act is that it would allow the government to force citizens to submit to DNA samples if they are a suspected terrorist. Evolving technology provides a wealth of knowledge and understanding in take to halting criminal activity. It provides met hods that allow for quick response and action and can lead to a safer environment for people. However, one must consider the difference between expert advances and invasion of privacy. in that respect is little interrogation that getting a mouth pat for a DNA sample is an good method but it is certainly not perfect. It would be foolish not to consider that many DNA samples taint good by not following procedures. This must be considered because imperfect humans are collecting the data. Also, because of the large amount of samples tested, at what point does the sample become outdated and need resubmission. If an individual submitted to an initial test, is it extreme or respectable to mandate that they retest? in that respect are constitutional amendments that are discussed and not disregarded because our nation suffered a tragedy. That tragedy must not be forgotten, but it is ill-advised to use one event as a predictor of all future events. That is why law enforcement mus t be careful when they seek to predict crime before it occurs.If the crime does not occur taxpayer funds go to waste. at that place is a fine line between protecting society and intruding upon its citizens. There must be awareness that while technology has advanced and aided society, the tests are still administered by humans who may serve his or her own needs over that of society. No matter how farthermost individuals evolve proficiently, society must proceed with caution because society may neer be able to measure the intent of those operating the equipment. Evolving technology advancements and the future of crime fighting does not come without a fight. There are many individuals who question the intent of ethics of utilize proactive crime fighting methods. For instance, some individuals may feel that their rights are violated with the use of DNA, the government having access to personal information, and liberal databases of information that have the chance of being hacked.I t is not the intent of the government to have technology used against society however, it is possible. incompatible groups and organizations claim that the use of advanced technology is just the beginning of a new conspiracy act. It is not only the bear on citizens of the United States who struggle with the openness of private information but also global groups as well as policy makers. It is thought that as technology advances policymakers will have to go the extra step to be proactive in the different inventions and programs to cheat or confuse scientific advancements. According to Schmalleger (2012) Opposing ideological lines have divided our efforts to develop comprehensive anticrime programs. mystifying fissures in our social fabric have contributed to conflicting attitudes about crime and its curb. Countries that soak themselves in advanced technology, feared by other nations. Just as the Bush administrations proved, technical warfare is on the brink of raft destru ctive devices (National Crime Prevention Council, 2012).While many individuals use technology as a way to prevent crime, some countries may ultimately use technology for total destruction. Whether society is fighting cybercrimes, using technology to fight future crimes, using technological advancements to predict crime, or allowing technology to lead the efforts of policymakers, technology has proved to be an advancement that does not come without deficits. Technology can make or learn a country, but it can also divide nations and leave room for doubt. As technology advances, the prevention of crimes must also advance. It is not enough to assume that technological programs and breakthroughs will be enough to control crime.Crime control taken seriously and proactive steps taken to keep each breakthrough safe and ethical will wreak many benefits. In conclusion, law enforcement agencies are pointing in the positive direction for combating future crimes. The advancement of technologica l equipment in law enforcement is designed to nurture communication in aspects of imagery, and audio. Law enforcement agencies are already utilizing advanced imagery to climb a crime scene. The resurrection of a crime scene could possibly yield spread out information leading to the apprehension of the offender. The overall perception in law enforcement will continue to be the same doctrine to apprehend alleged criminals. Technology assist local law enforcement officials in club policing, with surveillance placed in social common areas in aspiration to reject crime too also act as a witness to committed crimes in the radius view of the camera. Law enforcement agencies will continue to strive for improvements in combating crime.ReferencesCBC News, (2013). New Apple Iphone Pushes Biometrics into the Mainstream. Retrieved fromhttp//www.cbc.ca/news/technology/new-apple-iphone-pushes-biometrics-into-the-mainstream-1.1702041 Department of Homeland Security, (2013). Combating Cyber-C rime. Retrieved from http//www.dhs.gov/combat-cyber-crimeLegal Match, (2013). Mandatory DNA Sampling. Retrieved fromhttp//www.legalmatch.com/law-library/ condition/mandatory-dna-sampling-in-a-cri