The Quest of the Holy Grail Essay -- Analysis, Galahad

Galahad was a Knight of the Round Table of Arthurian legend. He is almost always portrayed as the pure knight, and for this he is rewarded with the Holy Grail. He is mentioned in many an(prenominal) writings in history including 12th century Cistercian monk writing The following of the Holy Grail, Sir Thomas Malorys Selected Tales of King Arthur and his Knights, and Alfred Lord Tennysons Sir Galahad. After reading the next several pages, one should begin to understand the similarities and differences portrayed in these writings, along with some opposites. The reader will explore how Galahad resists temptation, his bays including the Holy Grail, any romantic encounters including God, and how the writings presented may contradict. After completing the reading the reader should be able to note in what ways Galahad is similar or different in early and newfangled writings.The first writing selected is The Quest of the Holy Grail. An little-known author wrote this selection thou gh believed to be a 12th century Cistercian monk. As the title implies the main story is in fact the spiritual quest for the Holy Grail. The Holy Grail in this case being the platter from which Jesus Christ served bread at the Last Supper. The Grail is full of many rewards to whoever achieves it including eternal life, and the ability to heal some ailments. Galahad is first presented in this novel by three nuns, a youth so fair and so well-made that it was hard indeed to find his peer (Quest 33). Lancelot then knights him unbeknownst of who he is. A few pages later, a quest is presented to Arthur and his Knights. It is a sword inlayed into a stone, with prosperous writing that reads, none shall take me hence but he at whose side I am to hang. And he shall be the best knight in th... ...alahad is portrayed still as a noble knight, however not that of the Lord, instead a Pagan. Galahad is also similar in age to Lancelot and Arthur, therefore fashioning it seem that the refe rence of Lancelot being Galahads father is nonexistent. There is also no Grail quest, and thus eliminates the motive of God that drives Galahad in all other writings presented.In conclusion, Galahad is portrayed in the presented writings as pure, and the knight of God, for whom the Grail is saved. Throughout the selected readings, there are remarkable similarities showing this, however truly few differences. As noted, Galahad does endure many tasks, and resists many temptations of sin. The reader should now have a better understanding of how Galahad is presented in early and more modern works, including each authors depiction, and the qualities, which they entitle to Galahad.

Edgar Allen Poe Essay -- essays papers

Edgar Allen PoeEdgar Allen Poe A Brilliant Writer Edgar Allen Poe was one of the most(prenominal) brilliant writers of the nineteenth century. His short stories and poems consist of horror, mortality, romantic struggle, and psychological concept. Poes tales designate him as a master in his study of instability of self-control, the restrain of emotion, and access of feeling. His literary works were based on his personal background therefore, more another(prenominal) have similar characteristics. Poe was a manic depressant, and frequently wrote while under the influence of morphine and alcohol. Poe gives an example of his influenced writing in the story Ligeia. The story portrays Ligeia and her save as opium addicts (Bonaparte, 236). Perhaps his abnormal behavior could explain why he used such great detail in form of writing. In most of Poes short stories the point of view is first person and often the narrator is nameless. Each narrator is unique, some are sane, others are unclear, and several nest a fine line that separates sanity from insanity (Rose). For example, the narration in The Black Cat is spoken through confusion and influenced by alcohol, yet The take up House of Usher is told through the mind of a paranoid schizophrenic. Both stories are by nameless narrators. His focused on death in m whatever of his short stories and poems. Poes theory of death and dying are more detailed than anything else. From the start to finish of his career he was casual to stop any action, which could be remaining over the grave, the shadowing of the moon, and the emblems of mortality and massacre (Davidson, 114). Often Poe wrote on how ones death can effect someones emotions and mental stability. His ... ...ain his stability during his death sentence (Davidson, 134). Poes unique writing style is what makes him such a well-known literary author. His personal life is what make his writings so interesting and gr uesomely detailed. He never hesitates to use psychoanalysis to describe his point of view. His passionate writing is what marks Edgar Allen Poe as a brilliant 19th century author.BibliographyBonaparte, Marie. Life and Works of Edgar Allen Poe. New York Humanities Press, 1971Davidson, Edward. Poe a Critical Study. Massachusetts The Belknap Press, 1970 Grafx, Gibson. Easylit Poe. 1 Feb. 1997. .Rose, Elizabeth. Poes Perceptions. 1 Sept. 2000. . Werlock, Abby. The Facts on saddle Companion to the American Short Story. New York Facts on File, 2000

Jean-Paul Sartre and Our Responsibility for Teaching History :: Philosophy Education Research Papers

Jean-Paul Sartre and Our Responsibility for Teaching HistoryABSTRACT Historical research was one of Jean-Paul Sartres study concerns. Sartres biographical studies and thought indicate that history is not only a field in which you gather facts, events, and processes, but it is a worthy challenge which includes a grave personal responsibility my responsibility to the exsanguinous lives that preceded me. Sartres writings suggest that accepting this responsibility can be a source of wisdom. Few historians, however, get history as transcending the orderly presenting and elucidating of facts, events, and processes. I contend that Sartres writings suggest a personally enhancing commitment. A lucid and honest response to the challenges and demands of history and the dead lives that preceded my own existence is an engagement that requires courage, wisdom, and thought. The consequences of this commitment for teaching history is discussed. Historical research was one of Jean-Paul Sartres maj or concerns. Roquentin, the central character of his first novel, Nausea, has chosen the trade of historian. (1) He comes to Bouville in order to write a history of Monsieur de Rollebon, who was active at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century. Important documents pertaining to Rollebons life are in the Bouville library. As the novel develops Roquentin decidesfor good reasonsto abandon his historical research, a decision to which we return. Unlike Roquentin, Sartre never abandoned the realm of historical research. Quite a lot he discussed history in his philosophical writings. His plays repeatedly deal with the need to relate authentically, truthfully to history. In addition, Sartre wrote triad biographiesof Charles Baudelaire, Jean Genet, and The Family Idiot, a close to three thousand page study of the life of Gustave Flaubertin which he suggested and presented an approach to studying the life of a specific person within his or her situation. Sartre too wrote abbreviated studies of contemporary history, such as his short book on Castros Cuba. (2) Consequently, the corpus of Sartres writings abounds with enlightening insights and ideas on how to study and write history. Very few, if any, of Sartres insights induct been transferred to the realm of historical scholarship or of teaching history. Our survey of relevant literature revealed virtually no attempts to learn from Sartre in these fields. Someone may wall that the compartmentalization of scholarshipwhereby many, if not most, historians rarely read books by philosophersmay be an important reason for the ignoring of Sartres insights in the fields of history and teaching history.

Use of the Gas Chamber in Capital Punishment Essays -- Death Penalty

Execution as a tune of criminal penalty has been used throughout various parts of the world since the Middle Ages. In fact, back in that time, even off petty offenses such as committing adultery or stealing from a food vendor were considered criminal enough to be worthy of death. During the 18th century, death by execution became field of force to public display, and was even thought by some to be a form of entertainment. This entertainment took shape via methods such as burning at the stake, recess on the wheel, and let up strangulation. However, due to a growing humanitarian movement in the late 1800s, these torturous methods became extinct. Rather, more humane forms of execution were implemented, such as by guillotine, hanging, or the headmans axe. The pain inflicted by these was far less than the world-class three methods, as death was nearly instantaneous. However, technologys influence on execution methods truly became apparent with the invention of the gas chamber in 1924. Gee Jon, a convicted felon in the State of Nevada, is cognise as the first person to have died by the ... Use of the Gas Chamber in Capital Punishment Essays -- Death PenaltyExecution as a form of criminal punishment has been used throughout various parts of the world since the Middle Ages. In fact, back in that time, even petty offenses such as committing adultery or stealing from a food vendor were considered criminal enough to be worthy of death. During the 18th century, death by execution became subject to public display, and was even thought by some to be a form of entertainment. This entertainment took shape via methods such as burning at the stake, breaking on the wheel, and slow strangulation. However, due to a growing humanitarian movement in the late 1800s, these torturous methods became extinct. Rather, more humane forms of execution were implemented, such as by guillotine, hanging, or the headmans axe. The pain inflicted by these was far less than the first three methods, as death was nearly instantaneous. However, technologys influence on execution methods truly became apparent with the invention of the gas chamber in 1924. Gee Jon, a convicted felon in the State of Nevada, is known as the first person to have died by the ...

Dylan Thomas :: essays research papers fc

Dylan doubting doubting Thomas combines his vibrant controlry with his adolescent experiences in South Whales and capital of the United Kingdom to produce the realistic tale The followers. His interest in composing short stories like The Followers stems from the beginning part of his life.Thomas spent his days growing up in Swansea, South Whales with his father, a grammar school side of meat teacher. His father encouraged his early interest in reading and writing. Some of his early poetry was published in local literary writing journals. Thomas grew up in the late 1920s and the 1930s. In the 1930s, when the trend toward social and political commentary dominated the arts, Thomas began pursuing more personal themes that originated in his own experiences (Gunton and Harris 358). Thomas would then incorporate these experiences into his poetry. For example, the poem The Ballad of the Long-Legged Bait is about a fisherman he probably saw around growing up in Swansea. In 1934 Thomas b egan moving between London and several villages where he started drinking a lot and epitomized the raucous image of an artist After WW II, Thomas began writing more short stories rather than poetry (Gunton and Harris 358).Much earlier stories focus on a theme of every birth or death. Because of this, Thomass early period has been called his womb-tomb era (Gunton and Harris 358). As Thomass writing style evolved, he would begin to experimentation with new techniques. He started using vibrant images and using sound as verbal music, creating his own poetic style (Gunton and Harris 358). However, many times Thomas will try to convey emotions that are too complex for any lyrical treatment. Other times the opposite can be true and he gives too intricate an elaboration to simple feelings (Olsen 366). These elements of Thomas style are evident in his poems and stories, such as The Followers.The roster of characters in The Followers are the unnamed narrator, his good pal Leslie, and a misf ire whom they call Hermoitte Weatherby. The narrator and Leslie meet in a pub on a rainy, London night. They leave after a while, due to lack of funds and decide to have a spot of fun by following a girl they dont know (Hermoitte) to her home. They spend the evening watching Hermoitte and her mom doing a lot of nothing they are discovered by them and a ordinal unknown voice inside. They flee their window perch in a hurry and call it a night.

Dylan Thomas :: essays research papers fc

Dylan Thomas combines his vibrant imagery with his adolescent experiences in South Whales and London to produce the realistic tale The Followers. His divert in writing short stories like The Followers stems from the beginning part of his life.Thomas spent his days growing up in Swansea, South Whales with his father, a grammar school English teacher. His father encouraged his early interest in reading and writing. Some of his early poetry was published in local literary writing journals. Thomas grew up in the late 1920s and the 1930s. In the 1930s, when the trend toward social and political commentary dominated the arts, Thomas began pursuing more than personal themes that originated in his own experiences (Gunton and Harris 358). Thomas would then incorporate these experiences into his poetry. For example, the poem The Ballad of the Long-Legged Bait is about a fisherman he probably saw around growing up in Swansea. In 1934 Thomas began moving between London and several villages w here he started drinking a mickle and epitomized the raucous image of an artist After WW II, Thomas began writing more short stories rather than poetry (Gunton and Harris 358).Much earlier stories focus on a theme of either birth or death. Because of this, Thomass early period has been called his womb-tomb era (Gunton and Harris 358). As Thomass writing style evolved, he would begin to experiment with new techniques. He started using vibrant images and using sound as verbal music, creating his own poetic style (Gunton and Harris 358). However, some(prenominal) times Thomas will try to convey emotions that are too complex for any lyrical treatment. Other times the opposite can be true and he gives too intricate an elaboration to simple feelings (Olsen 366). These elements of Thomas style are evident in his poems and stories, such as The Followers.The curl of characters in The Followers are the unnamed narrator, his good pal Leslie, and a girl whom they call Hermoitte Weatherby. Th e narrator and Leslie meet in a pub on a rainy, London night. They leave after a while, due to lack of funds and decide to have a spot of fun by future(a) a girl they dont know (Hermoitte) to her home. They spend the evening watching Hermoitte and her mom doing a lot of nothing they are discovered by them and a third unknown voice inside. They flee their window perch in a hurry and call it a night.

Leadership Distinctive Project

Most of us start out on lifes journey full of optimism and high hopes. Life is magical ordinary is an exciting new adventure. We get up everyday and go about our daily linees, yet many times we do this without understanding why we argon here, and what we were created for. This is because instead of leading our life, our life leads us. We live life as it comes without a real plan, without clear thought and without purposeful direction. And when we function this way life controls and at long last overcomes us.Having a deep devotion to Christianity and commitment to theologyly values benefactors us discover the things that give real meaning to life. It also helps to develop the vital attitudes that leave alone enable you to live it with joy and fulfillment and we can also lead others along that path. Life may not be easy or without challenges solely God has promised that in Christ we can acquit life ..to the full(John1010 Niv). Think, you can impact or influence those that you w ork with whether in offices, business associates or in sports etc. When you have a purpose driven life i.e.(Mathew 2818-20) this is what life is all about leading others to Christ.Someone in one case said life is what happens to you as you are making other plans. We are here for a reason, God has not yet finished with us. Life has to be engaged, not avoided yet it is also a choice to live a life of sacrifice and self-denial for this is a mandatory condition for those who claim to number Christ (Luke 923) saying No to self and Yes to Jesus. It is so easy to live life on a shallow level, lacking in discipline, exerting to a greater extent energy and putting more emphasis on worldly accomplishment that would not count for eternity. The scripture teaches us that all these are nothing compared to acute Christ and living for the sake of Christ (Phillipians 38). Only the things connected to Christ will live forever, all others will vanish like smoke.God did not create us and left us to f igure out life for ourselves but he has given us instructions through his contrive the account book. Unfortunately although we know better, many of us try to figure out life for ourselves rather than go by the instructions written by the cleric All scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.(2Timothy316-17 ) The Bible is the original owners manual, telling us all we drive to know so that life will run well, and broadens our understanding of God.In put up to lead others, we make to commit ourselves to the scripture that it may guide and help us develop the grounding values of life and be able to help others in our society solve problems. In many areas of our life, God tells us exactly what we should do, in other areas there are no specific laws or commands for every detail but there are principles to guide our actions and attitudes. Study the scri ptures, be analytical and learn from examples, good or bad of biblical leaders qualities. Above all, Imitate Jesus who lived out before us the ultimate example of how to please God and how to live a truly fulfilling life.(1John26)There is no way you can broaden your knowledge or deepen your skill without letting other people in your life or collaborating with others in the fraternity or those whom have the same values as you do. We can be successful in other things, but unless we have people in our lives who are close to us, know us and tell us what we need to hear and not what we want to hear then our lives will be very empty.We need people to share with, learn from and give ourselves to or we will be lonely and unfulfilled (remember the immortal words of the poet John Donne, No man is an island). You have to genuinely decide to like people and know that you need them in your life i.e. (Proverbs 1717 a friend loves at all times). You need the encouragement and wisdom of other peop le (Hebrews 313) if not so life will loose its meaning, sparkle and joy.In a Readers Digest (Sept.2002 pp.112-7) article, Friends the surreptitious to a longer life by Katherine griffin writes of a number of studies attesting to the health benefits of friendship. She states that people with strong social network are shown to boost their chances of hold out life-threatening illnesses, have stronger more resilient immune systems, improve their mental health and live longer than people without social support. We need people in our lives and God has programmed us this way. We are made to need the love, support and companionship of other people. Therefore, living a purpose driven life helps you find crisp hope, direction and inspiration to continue your journey on a glorious and triumphant note.ReferenceThe Holy Bible NIVGriffin K.,Readers Digest(2002)

Female Circumcision Reader Response

Conn 1 Jennifer Conn Professor Michael Hickman GWRTC 103 Sect. 61 15 April 2013 Reader result 3 Though Meyerhardt states that the opening account on female person circumcision seemed Amusing, I personally found it far more disturbing. I was very ball over and disgusted while reading this piece, as I am sure my classmates were as well. The small opening left for urination and menstruation . . . held open by a single piece of straw which is left there during the healing process (1) forced me to feel that is an unbelievably un lifelike, dehumanizing practice. I was extremely curious almost what cultural beliefs supported this practice.When coming to the supposed health reasons and seeing how flawed and inaccurate they all were, I was unable to keep an open mind or continue trying to understand this practice. The idea of looking at each others genitals to see who had the smallest opening (2) struck me in a large way. This procedure that is done for society, for a future husband, and f or donance, seems to take away from the woman. It is as if her body does not truly belong to her. I thought it was enkindle and important for the generator to include the effect of cultural relativism on the reader.I know that my lack of experience and understanding of the topic, as well as the way of animateness influences my opinion towards the procedure. Throughout the piece, I was unable change my perception of female circumcision as horrid. Though she seemed to go back and forth in the second half(prenominal) of the essay, the author seemed to have bias as well. I could see the vague tie-in to culture dominating a womans view and discourse of her body. In this way, the procedure seems similar to eating disorders in America. In fact, eating disorders come across as far more deadly.However, I feel that the connection was weak and overdramatized especially when the author stated, in America, being fat and ugly, for some, is a fate worse than death(3). If this was true, and our culture was as consistent with our beliefs, then we would not have obesity rates as high as they are today. The statement that plastic surgery in America by trained professionals causes as much pain as midwives using whatever is lying around a razor, a knife, a broken bottle (3) is absurd. Safe, comfortable, controlled cosmetic surgery is not widespread, make by someones own will, and often looked down upon.The fact that eating disorders are not accepted in our society destroys this analogy to female circumcision. Another poor analogy attempted by Meyerhardt can be found in the beginning of the piece. The author connects children no longer making unmated faces due to slight unjustified fear to the cutting off of female genitalia. Though the thought of looking odd and malformed scared us bounteous to stop in both circumstances, the examples are extremely different. Funny faces are not natural, and little is required to stop making them. Possessing female genitalia is natural ho wever, and the removal of it is dangerous.This analogy downplays the extremity of female circumcision, and does not work. This piece was interesting, and informative on a topic I had known nothing about. For many reasons, it was my longing to reject the idea of female circumcision and find it horrifying. There seemed to be no truly justified reasoning for why it is still happening, aside from traditional. Though the author attempted to describe opposing views, I found them very weak and confusing. I was unable to connect this procedure with concepts in American life, or accept the vague, unrealistic, positive ending that the author provided.

Jollibee

I. BRIEF HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPANY Jollibee Phenomenon Jollibee is one of the Philippines phenomenal chore supremacy stories. Starting in 1975 as a two-branch chalk cream parlor, it later expanded its menu to include hot sandwiches and other meals. With encouraging success, Jollibee Foods Corporation was incorporated in 1978 with seven outlets to fully explore the possibilities of a hamburger concept. Thus was born the company that revolutionized the fast food industry in the Philippines.In 1984, Jollibee r distributivelyed the P500 million gross revenue mark, catapulting the company into the list of Top 500 Philippine Corporations. In 1987, bargonly 10 years in the dividing line, the company joined the ranks of the Philippines Top 100 Corporations. It then became the first Philippine fast food chain of mountains to break the P1 billion sales mark in 1989. In 1993, Jollibee became the first food improvement company to be listed in the Philippine entrepot rally th us broadening its capitalization and laying the groundwork for sustained expansion locally and beyond the Philippines. Undisputed leadershipJollibee is the countrys leading fast food chain. The size, geographic atomic number 18a and breadth of the companys operations have grown exponentially from a handful of Jollibee repositions twenty-five years ago to over 400 instals in the Philippines and several global stores in countries like the United States and Hong Kong. It is now an international brand with phenomenal milestones that has made millions of Filipinos proud. But Jollibees leadership is not only reflected by market piece (the company enjoys to a greater extent than half of the entire fast food industry) numerous local and global awards attest to this as well.Recipe for success The foundation of Jollibees rapid branch has been its strategy to establish dominant market coverage complemented by its superior menu line-up, creative marketing programs and efficient manufact uring and logistics facilities in support of its hugening eating house chain. It is powered by teams of well-trained individuals embracing the culture of integrity and humility, working in a family-like environment of fun and togetherness. As a corporate citizen, Jollibee is also pull to serve its host communities.The company not only nourishes bodies but also peoples spirits through countless socio-civic projects. A triumph for and of the Filipino Jollibee dedicates its continuous success to those who have supported the company from the very start the Filipino people. Jollibee has grown to be so well loved that every time a bare-ass store is opened, especially overseas, Filipinos institute long queues to the store without fail. It is not just a place where they feel at home it is a citadel of heritage, a monument of Filipino victory. Values Always customer first Excellence through teamwork Spirit of family and fun Frugality, Honesty and Integrity Humility to listen and require Mission We bring great taste and happiness to everyone Vision Become the most dominant and surpass-tasting QSR The most endearing brand that has ever been We will be within reach of every Filipino We will lead in product taste at all times We will provide FSC excellence in every encounter Happiness in every moment. Jollibee Operations Bee talented. Langhap-Sarap sa Jollibee Day in, day out, Jollibee serves over one million Filipinos who flock to its more than 400 stores all over the country.In ways, small and grand, Jollibees tasty food, cheerful service and friendly crew touch the lives of so many people who leave its stores with happy memories that will last long after that birthday party, first date or even just that simple meal a customer had when he dropped in one rainy day. From a modest beginning, Jollibee has grown to become not only the list one fast food chain in the Philippines with over 400 stores nationwide, but is also an international brand that has the distinction of being one of the worlds most admired companies by the Far Eastern stinting Review. But Jollibee is not stopping here.To reinforce Jollibees capability to enhance it leadership and build growth, the Management embarked on a broad range of strategic initiatives. Since its offset 1975, the company has expanded tremendously. The phenomenal growth is attributed to the companys unwavering quest to serve and delight the Filipino customer as well as its ability to stay and adapt to the ever-changing market environment. Jollibee continues to push its store network expansion maintaining lead over competition, focused on optimum results from right -sized stores on the best site selection in trading territory.This ensures effective and efficient market coverage. To meet the challenges of a more intensely competitive market and to manage the business more effectively, the company undertook a major initiative to re-align the structure of Jollibee Philippines. The new presid ential term, which has successfully been put in place, has the capacity of enhancing continued dominance in the prompt service industry. In 2000 Jollibee Philippines was decentralized into four autonomous Regional Business Units (RBU), corresponding to the countrys major geographic markets Mega Manila, North Luzon, South Luzon and Visayas-Mindanao.The decentralization has structured each RBU into a more manageable business size and span of control. Key support functions like human resources and administration, finance and network development have been transferred to the RBU for greater efficiency in the delivery of products and services, quicker coordination and more timely decision- make. The Head Office/Corporate Services functions (Marketing, Finance, Restaurant Systems, Engineering) have been re-aligned as Support stub to provide continuing assistance to the RBUs and provide corporate-level directions.The new structure has proved to be more responsive to the needs and challen ges of a rapidly growing organization and an even more dynamic market. The program has resulted to break away execution of programs and renewed enthusiasm and commitment from the Jollibee people. Parallel to all of the above initiatives is the continuous improvement of operational productivity and efficiency across the Jollibee fastfood chain. It continues to initiate improvements on equipment and facilities as well as store procedures to generate faster volume turnover and achieve better quality in the delivery of products.Jollibee remains firm in its resolve to maintain its dominance in the fastfood industry. It will continue to push forward with its strategic programs and aggressively pursue further network expansion to ensure superior market coverage nationwide. Most importantly, it will continually apply itself to the paramount toil of consistently delivering superior tasting products at the most affordable prices and services of the highest standards in a bright and clean s tore environment. MARKETING STRATEGYIn line with its long-run goal to be the dominant food service leader in the country, the company acquired Greenwich Pizza in 1994 enabling it to penetrate the pizza-pasta segment. From a 50-branch operation, Greenwich has established a strong presence in the food service industry. A year later the company acquired the franchise of Delifrance, an international food company. This further expanded its brainwave in the food service industry particularly in the French cafe-bakery, a growing segment of the Philippine food market.In 2000, the strategic acquisition of Chowking curdled the companys position as the dominant leader and allowed it to have leadership in a major fast food market the Oriental quick service restaurant segment. The incorporation has revitalized Chowking providing a platform for the growth of the business and further increasing the enterprise value of the Jollibee Group. Jollibees advertising is deeply rooted in the traditional Filipino values of family and love for children. Fueled by Filipino creativity, its expression Atin ang Langhap Sarap is anchored on its products unique taste and superiority. It aims to be perpetually in the man consciousness through television, radio, print, cinema advertisements and billboards. The company also sponsors selected community activities. Moreover, premium features and toys are offered to bring home and display on the toy shelf. Likewise, as a way to ensure that the superior equity is sustained and a strong, cohesive and comprehensive visual identification in all Jollibee stores is created, a system wide Jollibee retail identicalness was initiated.The international graphic design group, Addison was commissioned to formulate the new retail identity that is more dynamic and fun-oriented. The new retail identity is an integrated system encompassing the integrality restaurant design from the menu-board and various signages, the dining equipment and area, to the Play land and other facilities. The product menu is continually reviewed to sustain consumer excitement. Existing products are improved and re-launched. New products are test-marketed in keeping with the strategy of having a continuing fresh line up of products.All these to respond to customers changing needs and preferences which has been a major factor in Jollibees success. At the forefront of innovative marketing and advertising program are the Value Meal product upgrades and additions. This has indeed proven to be an effective response to the narrowing consumer spending power brought about by the current economic crunch. Jollibee owns the children market and will endeavor to keep its stronghold on this segment. Hence, Jollibee continues with its Jolly Kiddie Meal promotions, offering a choice of Regular Yum, Spaghetti Special or Chickenjoy.SALES FORECASTING, PRODUCTION SCHEDULING AND MATERIALS REQUISITION PLANNING Sales promise The sales forecasting done by the store manager is the main determinant of the amount of supplies the store will need. Sales is proportional to the number of products interchange so forecasting sales in advance would tell how practically supplies the store need to gear up. Sales is projected daily or every week and is found on the stores sales history. From the sales history, the store manager can determine the stores day type. The day type refers to the categories of a days performance.These are Slack, Semi-Peak, and Peak. Knowing the stores day types will help the store manager determine the sales projection. payoff programming fruit scheduling is done after determining the strike for each of the products. Each of the product has variant toil schedules. This is because the demand of one product is different from the demand of another product. They have also different times of peak sales. The schedule determines the number of product to produce for every hour of the day and the number of product to maintain on the warmer bin .Supplies Planning It is the system of planning the amount or volume of materials needed by the store to meet the demand for products at specific volume of transactions for a given a period. Objective of Supplies Planning Through supplies planning, the store manager gets to determine the actual order for each item in the store. Supplies planning prevents overstocking and stockout of supplies. The steps in supplies planning are 1. Plan the supplies needed by the store establish on sales projection. 2. Ensure correct perishable and nonperishable inventories. 3.Update the stock factors according to changes in sales trend. What are the supplies? The stores supplies vary from cleaning materials to hand towels to frozen patties. Supplies are categorized into two Daily Supplies wet/frozen/items that are highly perishable Weekly supplies dry items like packaging and cleaning materials Actual rear of Supplies The actual amount of supplies that the store will order from Commissary. This is relayed either thru the web or iBOS. This is where supplies and command comes in. The prerequisites of the actual order of daily supplies are . forecasted sales is based on stores sales history. 2. adjusted sales sales is adjusted for unexpected occurrences. 3. stock factor amount or volume of a product or a raw material needed to serve customer demand for every hundred pesos of sales. SF= clean Quantity of Products Sold Average daily Sales 4. forecast stock refers to the number of items to be stocked in the store for a given type. FS=Adjusted Sales x Stock Factor of Raw Material 5. ending balance remaining available stock of items prior to ordering. 6. aily supplies requisition form is a form used to consider the actual order of daily items. It includes a list of the wet /frozen/bakery items. AO=Forecast Stock Ending Balance The prerequisites of the actual order of weekly supplies are 1. average daily usage average daily usage, or ADU, is the average quantity of items i nterchange in one week. It is affected only when on that point is a change in the weekly sales forecast or weekly sales trend. It does not include bulk orders. ADU =Total quantity of products sold for one week 7 days 2. rdering cycle is the sum (in days) of the delivery interval, forecast usage coverage and buffer period. 3. stock build up total usage for the whole length of the ordering cycle. It also represents forecast stock. SB=Ordering cycle ADU 4. par stocking average quantity of stock needed to sufficiently supply the needs of the store for the whole ordering cycle. 5. ending balance remaining available stock of supplies. 6. weekly supplies requisition form is a form used to compute the actual order of weekly items. It includes a list of the wet /frozen/bakery items. smells in Daily Supplies Planning Step Activity Key person 1 Gives the daily supplies requisition form to stockman Production coach-and-four 2 Gets the ending balance (EB) by conducting a physical inven tory count of the itemsStockman on the list 3 Checks the EB at random to ensure accuracy Production Manager 4 Gets the forecasted from the store manager then writes this on a equisition form Production Manager 5 Computes the Adjusted sales and writes this on a requisition form Production Manager 6 Computes the stock factor (SF) of each item and writes this under the SF column Production Manager 7 Computes the forecast stock (FS) of each item and writes this under the FS column Production Manager 8 Gets the actual order (AO) of each item and writes this under the AO column Production Manager 9 Signs the requisition form in the blank provided. Production Manager IV. ANALYSIS OF THE COMPANYS PRODUCTION PROCESS Forecasting is an indispensable tool in the merchandise process of Jollibee Foods Corporation. Demand is forecasted based on the sales of the store for the past periods. This info can be obtained from its sytem called iBOS. This forecasted data is adjusted for some o ccurrences or factors that susceptibility affect their sales in the period that the store is forecasting. This forecast is then translated to production schedules of different products. After making the production schedules, the Production Quality Manager (PQM) performs the supplies planning.Jollibee Corporation has policies and processes concerning supplies planning and requisition. The PQM of each store has the hand on how to go about the planning and ordering of supplies needed for his/her respective store. Jollibee Corporation has already installed a system of ordering supplies needed by its store branches the AMWS. Jollibee, City of San Fernando branch has the following system of production. The schedule of ordering for wet/frozen supplies is every Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday. lecture of such has a lead time of 2 days. On the other hand, schedule of ordering for dry supplies is every Tuesday, Friday and Sunday, with a lead time of 3 days.If the PQM Manager has already pl aced his/her order and there are some unexpected orders that can affect the consumption of supplies, he or she has the benefit of making adjustments to his or her order a day before the delivery date through its system AMWS. Special Holidays and events are highlighted in the stores schedule to incorporate these in the determination of demand and to prevent stock out of supplies. If there is really an unexpected bulk order, and the store cannot accommodate such order, the store has the option to decline the order. Otherwise, the store borrows from another store in the area to avoid opportunity loss from that order. V. RECOMMENDATIONOur modern technology is continually giving advances to business organizations. And Jollibee is one of those that continue to search for more improvements in their systems concerning their operations. With the case of iBOS, the product quality manager can easily create, modify, inquire and maintain useful data by just a click of a mouse. Once the program /system is entered into the computer, the PQM is supplied with needed information on inventory balance, order listing and sales. Truly, the good of this system is to increase the productivity of the PQM and making it accessible to other department managers who might need the above mentioned data in making business decisions.Poor decisions whitethorn affect the firms profits by requiring expensive corrective actions and may be driven out of business by a much more vigilant competitors. Thirty years of solid experience made Jollibee Corporation produce and adapt the nationwide computer aided system to their advantage. It would not make it as the number one fastfood company in the Philippines if not for its expertise in their production. It is therefore recommended that Jollibee Food Corporation to continually improve its production and make use of technology to further enhance its systems. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Brief History/ Description of the Company II. Marketing Strategy III. Sale s Forecasting, Production Scheduling and Materials Requisition Planning IV. Analysis of the Companys Production Process V. Recommendation

Native Americans in the United States and Patrick

Since I vlslted Jamestown In 1957, my country has become a much more diverse society just as the Commonwealth of Virginia and the whole of the get together States of the States have also undergone a major social change. Buchanan mentions how dfferent not plainly Jamestown was 400 years ago but also how different her cltlzens were. For example, the citizens massacred primaeval Americans and enslaved Africans. Jamestown was not yet built around the ideas of democracy and equality. The American Revolution was another key example it was fought for freedom and distance from Britain and not for equality. The only persons of federal agency at the time were rich white men. Buchanan makes the point that America 400 years ago was not based around democracy, equality and diversity, so why should we value that in the present?In 1957 the Queen visited Jamestown, Virginia. The changes noted by the Queen were extreme. Virginia has indeed become a radically changed society. No longer does capita l of Virginia proudly call herself the Capital of the Confederacy. Lee-Jackson Day is out. Marun Luther King Day Is In. The confederate flag flies nowhere. This demonstrates how much can change in 350 years. Buchanan believes that 2007 Virginia is ashamed of 1957 Virginia, and the solid ground should be proud of who she was in 1607.America In 1607 was did not celebrate diversity or multicultural beliefs, so why should they now? Buchanan describes early American settlers as having an us-or-them sentiment. For example, the early settlers thought that their Christian faith made them superior beings and those who opposed them were inferior. Another point that Buchanan makes Is when other culture such as Native American. African, or Spanish cultures were introduced to Americans they were not only rejected, but fought against in a violent manner.In 2007 Vlrglnla culture and diversity Is not only welcomed, but celebrated. Buchanan believes that this is not what the Founding Fathers of Am erica had in mind during the creation of our country. In his concluding thoughts, Buchanan remarks that America Is a ever-changing nation specially in the areas of diversity, democracy and equality. No longer is religion taught In schools, and with It dies the beliefs that founded this nation. ton Native Americans in the United States and Patrick J. Buchanan By Scaldare In the introduction, Patrick J.Buchanan notes that Queen Elizabeth II went to the Jamestown since its founding. He quotes the Queen, Since I visited Jamestown in 1957, my country has become a much more diverse society Just as the Commonwealth of Virginia and the whole of the United States of America have also Buchanan mentions how different not only Jamestown was 400 years ago but also ow different her citizens were. For example, the citizens massacred Native were extreme. Virginia has indeed become a radically changed society.No longer out. Martin Luther King Day is in. The allied flag flies nowhere. This 1607. A merica in 1607 was did not celebrate diversity or multicultural beliefs, so why makes is when other culture such as Native American, African, or Spanish cultures violent manner. In 2007 Virginia culture and diversity is not only welcomed, but In his concluding thoughts, Buchanan remarks that America is a changing nation taught in schools, and with it dies the beliefs that founded this nation.

The Return: Midnight Chapter 21

Some wiz was still roast on Stefans door.Its a woodpecker,Elena said when she could speak. They knock, dont they?On doors in expression houses?Stefan said dazedly.Ignore it and it wil go away.A moment later the knocking resumed.Elena moaned, I dont believe this.Stefan whispered, Do you fate me to bring you its foreland?Unattached from its neck, I mean?Elena considered. As the knocking continued, she was getting more worried and less confused. Better unwrap if it is a bird, I guess,she said.Stefan rol ed away from her, somehow got on his jeans, and went reeling to the door. In spite of herself, Elena pitied whoever was on the other side.The knocking started again.Stefan reached the door and nearly wrenched it off its hinges.What the He stopped, suddenly moderating his voice.Mrs. Flowers?Yes,Mrs. Flowers said, deliberately not seeing Elena, who was wearing a sheet and straight in her line of vision.Its poor dear Meredith,Mrs. Flowers said. Shes in such a state, and she says she has to see you now, Stefan.Elenas mind switched tracks as suddenly and smoothly as a train. Meredith? In a state? Demanding to see Stefan, even if, as Elena was sure she must(prenominal) invite, Mrs. Flowers had delicately indicated just howbusy Stefan was at the moment?Her mind was Stillsolidly linked with Stefans. He said,Thank you, Mrs. Flowers. Il be down in just a moment.Elena, who was slipping into her clothes as fast as she could, bit crouching on the far side of the bed, added a telepathic suggestion.Maybe you could make her a nice cup of tea I mean, a cup of tea,Stefan added.Yes, dear, what a good idea,Mrs. Flowers said gently. And if you should see Elena, perhaps you could say that dear Meredith is asking for her, too?We wil ,Stefan said automatical y. Then he turned around and hastily shut the door.Elena gave him season to put his habilitate and shoes on, and then they both hurried down to the kitchen, where Meredith was not having a nice cup of tea, yet pacing aro und like a caged leopard.Stefan began, Whats Il tel you whats wrong, Stefan Salvatore No you tel meYou were in my mind onward, so you must know. You must have been able to see to tel ab break me.Elena was Stillmindlocked with Stefan. She felt his dismay.To tel what about you?he asked gently, pul ing out a chasten at the kitchen table so Meredith could sit.The very simple act of sitting down, of pausing to respond to civility, seemed to calm Meredith slightly. notwithstanding StillElena could feel her fear and pain like the test of a steel sword on her tongue.Meredith accepted a hug and became a little calmer yet. A little more herself and less like a caged animal. But the struggle was so visceral and so clear within her that Elena couldnt bear to leave her, even when Mrs. Flowers deposited four phizs of tea around the table and took other chair Stefan offered.Then Stefan sat down. He knew Elena would stand or sit or share a chair with Meredith, but whatever it was, she wo uld be the single to decide.Mrs. Flowers was gently stirring honey into her mug of tea and then passing the honey a tenacious to Stefan who gave it to Elena who put just the little bit that Meredith liked into Merediths mug and stirred it gently, too.The ordinary, civilized sounds of two spoons quietly clinking seemed to relax Meredith Stillfurther. She took the mug Elena gave her and sipped, then drank thirstily.Elena could feel Stefans mental sigh of relief as Meredith floated down another(prenominal) fewer levels. He politely sipped his own tea, which was hot but not burning hot and made from natural y sweet berries and herbs.Its good,Meredith said. She was almost a human now.Thank you, Mrs. Flowers.Elena felt lighter. She relaxed enough to pul over her own cup of tea and squeeze lots of honey in and stir it and eat up a gulp. Good Calming down teaThats chamomile and cucumber, Stefan told her.Chamomile and cucumber,Elena said, nodding wisely, for calming down.And then she blus hed, for Mrs. Flowerss bright smile had knowledge in it.Elena hastily drank more tea and watched Meredith have more tea and every topic began to feel almost al right.Meredith was completely Meredith now, not some fierce animal. Elena squeezed her friends hand tightly.There was just one problem. Humans were less frightening than beasts but they could cry. Now Meredith, who never wept, was shaking and tears were dripping into the tea.You know what morcillo is, right?she asked Elena at last.Elena nodded hesitantly. We had it sometimes in exertion at your house?she said. And for tapas?Elena had grown up with the line of products sausage as a meal or a snack at her friends house, and she was used to the bite-sized pieces as a delicious food besides Mrs. Sulez made.Elena felt Stefans heart sinking. She looked back and forth from him to Meredith.It turns out my mother didnt always make it,Meredith said, looking at Stefan now. And my parents had a very good reason for changing my birthda y.Just tel it al ,Stefan suggested softly. And then Elena felt something she hadnt before. A surge, like a wave a long season swell that spoke right into the center of Merediths brain. It said Just tell it and be calm. No anger. No fear.But it wasnt telepathy. Meredith felt the thought in her blood and bones, but didnt hear it with her ears.It was Influence. Before Elena could brain her beloved Stefan with her mug for using Influence on one of her friends, Stefan said, just to her, Merediths hurting, feeling s cathexisd and angry. She has reason to, but she requests peace. I probably wont be able to hold her anyway, but Ill try.Meredith wiped her eyes. It turns out that nothing was like what I thought happened that night when I was three.She expound what her parents had told her, about everything that Klaus had done. Tel ing the story, even quietly, was undoing al the calming influences that had helped Meredith maintain herself. She was beginning to shake again. Before Elena co uld grab her, she was up and striding around the room. He laughed and said that Id need blood every week animal blood or Id die. I didnt need much. Just a tablespoon or two. And my poor mother didnt want to lose another child. She did what he told her to. But what happens if I have more blood, Stefan? What happens if I drink yours?Stefan was thinking, desperately laborious to see if in al his age of experience hed come across anything like this.Meanwhile he answered the easy part.If you drank enough of my blood youd become a vampire.But so would anyone. With you Well, it might take less. So dont let any vampire trick you into blood exchange. Once might be enough.So Im not a vampire? Now? not any kind? Are there different kinds?Stefan answered seriously. Ive never heard of different kindsof vampires in my life, except for Old Ones. I can tel you that you dont have a vampires aura. What about your dentition? Can you make your canines sharp? Usual y its best to test over human fl esh. Not your own.Elena promptly stuck out her arm, wrist vein-side up.Meredith, eyes closed in concentration, made a great effort, which Elena felt done Stefan. Then Meredith opened her eyes, mouth also open for a dental inspection. Elena stared at her canines. They looked a little bit sharp, but so did any luggage compartments, didnt they?Careful y Elena reached a figuretip in. She touched one of Merediths canines.Tiny pinch.Startled, Elena pul ed back. She stared at her finger where a very smal drop of blood was well ing up.Everyone watched it, mesmerized. Then Elenas mouth said without pausing to consult her brain, You have kitten odontiasis.The next moment Meredith had brushed Elena diversion and was pacing wildly al around the kitchen. I wont be one I wont be Im a hunter-slayer, not a vampire Il kill myself if Im a vampireShe was deadly serious. Elena felt Stefan feeling it, the quick thrust of the stave between her ribs and into the heart. She would go on the Internet t o find the right area. Ironwood and sinlessness ash piercing her heart, Stilling it foreversealing off the evil that was Meredith Sulez.Be calm Be calm Stefans Influence flooded into her.Meredith was not calm.But before that I have to kil my brother.She flung down a photograph on Mrs. Flowerss kitchen table. It turns out that Klaus or someone has been sending these since Cristian was four on my real birthday. For years And in every picture you could see his vampire teeth. Not kitten teeth.And then they stopped coming when I was about ten.But they had shown him growing up With pointed teeth And last year this one came.Elena leaped for the photo, but it was closer to Stefan and he was faster. He stared in astonishment. Growing up?he said. She could feel how shaken he was and how envious.No one had given him that option.Elena looked at the pacing Meredith and around at Stefan.But its impossible, isnt it?she said. I thought that if you were bitten, that was it, right? You never got a ny older or bigger.Thats what I thought too. But Klaus was an Old One and who knows what they can do?Stefan answered.Damon will be furious when he finds out, Elena told Stefan privately, reaching for the picture even though shed already seen it through Stefans eyes. Damon was very bitter about Stefans height advantage about anyones height advantage.Elena brought the picture to Mrs. Flowers and looked at it with her. It showed an extremely handsome boy, with hair that was just Merediths off-key color. He looked like Meredith in his facial structure and olive skin. He was wearing a motorcycle jacket and gloves, but no helmet, and he was laugh merrily with a ful set of very white teeth. You could easily see that the canines were long and pointed.Elena looked back and forth from Meredith to the picture.The only difference she could see was that this boys eyes seemed lighter. Everything else screamed twins. freshman I kil him,Meredith repeated tiredly. Then I kil myself.She stumbled b ack to the table and sat, almost knocking over her chair.Elena hovered near her, snatching two mugs from the table, to prevent Merediths clumsy arm from brush them to the floor.Meredithclumsy Elena had never seen Meredith ungraceful or clumsy before. It was frightening. Was it somehow due to being at least partly a vampire? The kitten teeth? Elena turned apprehensive eyes on Stefan, felt Stefans own bewilderment.Then both of them, without consultation, turned to look at Mrs.Flowers. She gave them an apologetic little-old-lady smile.Gotta kil find him, kil himfirst,Meredith was whispering as her dark head lowered to the table, to the pil ow of her arms. Find himwhere? Grandpawhere? Cristianmy brotherElena listened silently until there was only soft breathing to be heard.You drugged her?she whispered to Mrs. Flowers.It was what Ma ma thought best. Shes a strong, healthy girl.It wont harm her to sleep from now through the night.Because Im sorry to tel you, but we have another proble m right now.Elena glanced at Stefan, saw fear dawning on his face, and demanded, What?Absolutely nothing was coming through their link. Hed shut it down.Elena turned to Mrs. Flowers. What?Im very worried about dear Matt.Matt, concur Stefan, looking around the table as if to show that Matt wasnt there. He was trying to protect Elena from the chil s racing through him.At first Elena wasnt alarmed. I know where he might be,she said brightly. She was remembering stories that Matt had told of being in Fel s Church while she and the others had been in the Dark Dimension. Dr. Alperts place. Or out with her, making the rounds of home visits.Mrs. Flowers shook her head, her expression bleak. Im afraid not, Elena dear. Sophia Dr. Alpert cal ed me and told me she was taking Matts mother, your own family, and several other people with her and escaping Fel s Church entirely. And I dont doom her a bit but Matt wasnt one of those going. She said he meant to stay and fight. That was around twel ve thirty.Elenas eyes automatical y went to the kitchen clock. Horror shot through her, flipping her stomach and reverberating out to her fingertips. The clock said 435 435 P.M. But that had to be wrong. She and Stefan had only joined minds a few minutes ago. Merediths rage hadnt lasted that long.This was impossibleThat clock its not rightShe appealed to Mrs. Flowers, but heard at the same time Stefans telepathic voice, Its the mind-blending. I didnt want to rush. But I was lost in it too its not your fault, ElenaIt is my fault,Elena snapped back aloud. I never meant to forget about my friends for the entire afternoon And Matt Matt would never scare us by keeping us waiting for his cal I should have cal ed him I shouldnt have been She looked at Stefan with unhappy eyes. The only thing burning inside her right now was the shame of failing Matt.I did cal his mobile number,Mrs. Flowers said very gently.Ma ma advised me to do so, al the way back at half past twelve. But he didnt ans wer. Ive cal ed every hour since.Ma ma wont say more than that its time we looked into things directly.Elena ran to Mrs. Flowers and wept on the soft cambric lacework at the old womans neck. You did our job for us,she said. Thank you. But now we have to go and find him.She whirled on Stefan. Can you put Meredith in the first-floor bedroom? Just take off her shoes and put her on top of the covers. Mrs. Flowers, if youre going to be alone here, wel leave saber and Talon to take care of you. Then wel keep in touch by mobile. And wel search every house in Fel s Church but I guess we should go to the thicket firstWait, Elena my dear.Mrs. Flowers had her eyes shut. Elena waited, shifting impatiently from one foot to the other. Stefan was just returning from putting Meredith in the front room.Suddenly, Mrs. Flowers smiled, eyes Stillshut. Ma ma says she wil do her utmost for you two, since you are so devoted to your friend. She says that Matt is not anywhere in Fel s Church. And she says , take the dog, Saber. The falcon wil watch over Meredith while we are away.Mrs. Flowerss eyes opened. Although we might plaster her window and door with Post-it Notes,she said, just to make sure.No,Elena said flatly. Im sorry, but I wont leave Meredith and you on your own with only a bird for protection. Wel take you both with us, covered in amulets if you like, and then we can take both animals, too. Back in the Dark Dimension, they worked together when Bloddeuwedd was trying to kil us.Al right,Stefan said at once, knowing Elena well enough to realize that a half-hour-long argument could ensue and Elena would never be moved an inch from her position. Mrs.Flowers must have known it too, for she rose, also immediately, and went to get ready.Stefan carried Meredith out to her car. Elena gave a tiny whistle for Saber, who was instantly chthonicfoot, seeming bigger than ever, and she raced him up the stairs to Matts room. It was disappointingly alter but Elena fished a pair of brief s from between bed and wal . She gave these to Saber to delight in, but found she couldnt stand Still. Final y, she ran up to Stefans room, snatched her diary from under the mattress, and began scribbling.Dear Diary,I dont know what to do. Matt has disappeared. Damon has taken Bonnie to the Dark Dimension but is he taking care of her?Theres no way to know. We dont have any way to open a Gate ourselves and go after them. Im afraid Stefan will kill Damon, and if something anything has happened to Bonnie, Ill want to kill him too. Oh, God, what a messAnd Meredithof whole people, Meredith turns out to have more secrets than all of us combined.All Stefan and I can do is hold each other and pray. Weve been fighting Shinichi so long I feel as if the end is coming soonand Im afraid.ElenaStefans shout came from below. Were al readyElena quickly stuffed the diary back under the mattress. She found Saber waiting on the stairs, and fol owed him down, running. Mrs. Flowers had two overcoats covered in amulets.Outside, a long whistle from Stefan was met by an answering keeeeeeee from above and Elena saw a smal dark body circling against the white-streaked August sky. She understands,Stefan said briefly, and took the drivers seat of the car. Elena got into the backseat behind him, and Mrs.Flowers into the front passenger seat. Since Stefan had buckled up Meredith into the middle of the backseat, this left Saber a window to put his panting head through.Now,Stefan said, over the purring of the engine, where are we going, exactly?

Catholic Social Teaching Essay

* is a body of doctrine developed by the Catholic Church on matters of poverty and wealth, economics, social organization and the role of the state. Its foundations are widely considered to have been laid by Pope Leo XIIIs 1891 encyclical letter Rerum Novarum, which advocated economic Distributism and condemned both Capitalism and Socialism, although its roots can be traced to the writings of Catholic thinkers such as St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Augustine of Hippo, and is in like manner derived from concepts present in the Bible.* The Catholic Social T to each oneing has two basic characteristics, namely, being permanent and developing.* Permanent-Since the teachings are based on the Gospel, they offer a permanent complex idea to be pursued in the ever changing historical conditions and ways. These teachings can never go out of date in their fundamentals. Examples of these permanent teachings are exemplified in the following principles1. Human dignity and Solidarity2. Social justice and Christian love3. Active non-violence and peace4. Preferential option for the poor5. Value of benevolent work6. Universal destinations of all goods of the earth7. Stewardship and the integrity of creation8. People empowerment9. Authentic and holistic (integral) forgiving development* growing-The fundamentals of Church Social Teaching make up the steadily growing collection of the Churchs social principles that must be creatively applied to and renewed in ever changing concrete situations of various events, cultures, and human needs in the historical process. Deeper insights into permanent values develop as the Church reads the signs of the times.* Methods and Sources1. leger. The authoritative books which record the Jewish and Christian experiences of matinee idols self-disclosure. leger reveals who God is and who we are called to be in response to God. Interpretation of Scripture requires attention to historical context and is best done in community.2. Tradition the ways o f thinking and living that are handed over (traditio) from one propagation to the next an ongoing conversation across the ages about our most important questions. Also the body of theological look and the ways of putting this reflection into physical exertion that are handed over (traditio) from one generation to the next. Magisterium ex officio teaching office of church and authoritative voice of tradition. While theologians, activists, and ordinary Catholics make raise to this body of theological reflection in important ways, a privileged source of Catholic tradition is the magisterium or the official, authoritative teaching office of the church. This official teaching office is exercised by Catholic Bishops, and in particular the Bishop of Rome (the Pope), as well as groups appointed by the Pope. This teaching is expressed in the form of a) papal encyclicalsb) encyclicals of Church Councils (such as Vatican II) or Synods of Bishops, c) statements by Vatican offices, congrega tions, and commissions & d) Episcopal conferences (regional meetings of Bishops, such as the National Conference of Catholic Bishops in the United States).3. Reason. The born(p) human capacity to know truth. The way we interpret and understand Scripture, Tradition, and experience.* Reason as Natural LawThe preeminent form of groundsing for much of Catholic tradition has been natural law reasoning. To understand Catholic natural law reasoning, one must get inside a whole worldview, culture, and language in spite of appearance Catholic tradition. Natural law holds that Gods intentions are expressed in the order that God built into creation. This order takes the form of natures or apparent patterns of being. Humans are capable of knowing this order by reflecting upon creation. As humans we must first recognize our nature and act according to it so as to set up our created nature. For example, humans by nature (or by creation) have a built in instinct for self-preservation. Aquinas argues that to use appropriately circumscribed violence in self-defense is good because it is to act according to our God-given nature. (Gods creation is good).* Four Levels of LawSt. Thomas Aquinas defines law is an ordering of reason (ordinatio rationis) or the most important way that reason rules or measures actions. He describes four levels of law a. Eternal Law the mind (ratio) of God which orders and governs creation b. foretell Law the explicit revelation of the mind of God in Scripture c. Natural Law the expression of the mind of God in the order that God has built into creation. This order takes the form of natures or patterns of being that humans can know by using their reason to reflect on creation. For example, because humans by nature (or creation) have a built in instinct for self-preservation, limited self-defense is in accord with our God-given nature. See Romans 214-15 d. Human Law human attempts to formulate laws that reflect the natural law.* Two Interpretation s of Human NatureThere have been two major strains of interpretation of human nature a) nature as physicalhumans must respect their biological givenness or the physical order (ex. artificial contraception interferes with the natural order of sexual intercourse whereas the daily round method respects this order.) b) nature as rationalhumans must act in accord with reason they must seek to discover and fulfill their fullest purpose. Biology does not trump other cues in discovering nature. Instead, we must look to all sources of human wisdom in order to discover how things are meant to be. The pontiff reasons that the purpose of property is for the good of all creation but a limited right to private property is consistent with human dignity and human wisdom about how well people take care of common property.4. Experience. Our encounter with the world both past and present. Christian tradition privileges the experience of those at the margins of societythe poor and the oppressed. In C atholic social thought experience is enriched and expanded by a four step process of interpretation and reflection which I will call the interpretive circle. a. experience insert yourself into a situation, see what is going on, and gather necessary informationb. social abridgment What are the structural or root causes of injustices? What are the patterns of action that reinforce these injustices? c. theological reflection What light does faith, especially as expressed in Scripture and Catholic social teaching, shed upon our experience and social analysis? Where is God in this situation and how might we respond to Gods call to us? d. practical planning What are the most faithful, creative, and effective ways of acting upon the first three steps?* How does Catholic tradition use these four sources?1. They dish as checks and balances to each other. Each should inform and complement the other in critical dialogue. 2. Reason informed by faith. Reason and faith penetrate each other and form a unified way of approaching problems. Scripture and Christian Tradition provide the overall story, worldview, and values that serve as the poser for moral reasoning.

Lack of Sleep

A) Main buck one The long term effect of lack of pause is bad savvy and For issue forthfulness. 1) Subpoint 1 Bad judgment is caused by lack of cat sleep. i. Sub-sub point * Science daily (Mar , 2 ,2007)-research has shown that bad sleep can adversely affect a somebodys physical health and aflame well-being. However, the amount of sleep one gets can also influence his or her decision-making.A study published in the March world-class issue of the journal SLEEP finds that sleep deprivation impairs the ability to integrate emotion and cognition to consume moral judgments. * The lack of sleep a person will tend to be quick to get upset, stress depressed, mentally exhausted and less energized throughout the day. * This will in turn lead to interpersonal relationship will be affected 2)Subpoint 2 Forgetfulness Sub-sub point * Lack of sleep also alter our production of hormones involved in the process of mentation and remember something.Therefore when we lack of sleep we will be a quick forget. Forgetful is persistent failure to remember a piece of information and it is concentrated to learn a new things. * Forgetfulness nature not only among the elderly, but also between a young people under thirty age due to the lack of sleep. B. Main Point Two The long term effect of lack of sleep is weight gain and obesity. Subpoint 1 lack of sleep may lead to obesity, according to a Harvard study. I. Sub-sub point/elaboration * In a trial of 21 men and women observed in a sleep laboratory ,those who allowed to sleep only 5. hours of sleep in a 24 hours period over 3 weeks had a slow metabolism and a drop-off in insulin production, those changes can lead to weight gain and increase blood sugar according to research published in the Journal Science displacement Medicine. Subpoint 2Mechanism that involved in explaining the connection between sleep and obesity. I. Sub-sub point/elaboration * mechanism involved in regulating metabolism and appetence are beginning to expla in the connection between sleep and obesity.During sleep our body will secrete hormones that help to control appetite ,energy metabolism and glucose processing. Obtaining similarly little sleep upsets the balance of those and others hormones. C. Main point ThreeDepression is an effect that is caused by lack of sleep. Subpoint 1 Depression is caused by lack of sleep. I. Sub-sub point/elaboration * In astudy of 18,980 people in Europe conducted by Stanford researcherMaurice Ohayon, MD, PhD, people with depression were found to be five time more likely to suffer from sleep-disordered breathing. calm problems develop depression may indicate that sleep disorders and depression have similar causes or risk factors. * search shows that children with depression who experience a lack of sleep or who sleep too much are more likely to have longer and more severe episodes of depression. 2. Subpoint 2Depression can affect our health. I. Sub-sub point * When sleep is disrupted or inadequate, it can lead to increased tension, vigilance, and irritability. Physical or emotional trauma and metabolic or other medical problems can trigger sleep disturbances.Poor sleep can lead to fatigue. Eventually, you find yourself in a criminal cycle of inactivity and disturbed sleep, which causes both physical and mood-related symptoms. II. Sub-sub point/elaboration * Patients may suffer from a range of insomnia symptoms, including difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, unrefreshing sleep, and twenty-four hours sleepiness. * People with insomnia have a 10-fold high risk of developing depression shows by research. * Depression affects all types of people from all over the world.For older adults, higher rates of depression and sleep problems may be explained in part by higher rates of physical illness. Among women, motherhood and hormonal changes throughout the spirit cycle (menstruation, menopause) may contribute to higher rates of depression. iii-Conclusion A. Brakelig ht As a conclusion, B. Summary if you are struggling with sleeping disorder, you should start searching help from the doctors because as you can see the effects of lack of sleep such as depression, gain of weight, and poor memory obviously will affect your life.If you keep persuasion that sleeping disorder is not even matter to you, now you already knew the consequences caused by it. C. Tie Back to Audience It is much more important to us as a student to have enough sleep to keep us active all day. Try to imagine if you do not get your 8 hours sleeping time per day, what will happen when you wake up the next morning and go to the class? You will have a run-down body and cannot give your full concentration in the lecture hall. This problem will lead to the dropping of your performance in university. All students never urgency it to happen to themselves.Thus, you should take an action immediately if you struggling with sleeping disorder to improve your lifestyle and hopefully will b e helpful to maintain the right performance in your studies. Reference 1. Chris , I. M. (2012, September 14). Depression and sleep Getting the right amount. Retrieved on 14th November 2012 from http//www. everydayhealth. com/health-report/major-depression/depression-and-sleep-the-right-amount. aspx 2. Joseph, G. (2012, July 24). Sleep and depression. Retrieved on 14th November 2012 from http//www. webmd. com/depression/guide/depression-sleep-disorder 3. Hannah , T. 2011, January 27). Can a lack of sleep cause depression? Retrieved on 14th November 2012 from http//www. marieclaire. co. uk/ newsworthiness/health/514265/can-a-lack-of-sleep-cause-depression. html 4. Ostrow , N. (2012, April 12). Lack of sleep. Retrieved on 17 November 2012 from http//www. bloomberg. com/news/2012-04-11/lack-of-sleep-may-lead-to-obesity- harvard-study-suggests. html 5. Ann, D. (2012, March 20). Lack of sleep-weight gain. Retrieved on 17 November 2012 from http//www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/excessive -sleepiness-10/lack-of-sleep-weight-gain 6.University Of Chicago Medical Center (1999,October 25). Lack Of Sleep Alters Hormones , Metabolism ,Simulates Effects Of Aging , ScienceDaily. Retrieved on November 16, 2012 ,from http//www. sciencedaily. com /releases/1999/10/991025075844. htm 7. Camille Peri (2012 , September 14). 10 Things To Have About Sleep Loss. Retrieved on 16 September 2010 , from http//www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/10-results-sleep- 8. Karen Smith ,(2012). Long Term Effect Of A Lack of Sleep . Retrieved on17 September 2012 fromhttp//www. ehow. com/info_8207538_longterm-effects-lack-sleep. html

Employment Relations Essay

In the last 20 years, there has been a shift in the importance of cores in unseasoned Zealand. The trigger of the 1991 commerce Contracts Act and the following Employment dealing Act 2000 every(prenominal)owed employees and employers the freedom to pull off in a right-hand(a) Faith negociate environment without the involvement of the Government. And therefore the unions and incarnate maintainments were no longer mandatory to guarantee good work conditions. This year, a bragging(a) example of Employment Relations involving trades union and employers disagreements is the AFFCO plants lockout.Since February 2012, 1250 union members have been involved in 6 AFFCO plants lockouts due to disputes amongst rising Zealand nubble Workers Union (NZMWU) and AFFCO. The disagreement finally ended in late May with an arrangement between the parties. This strip study will use the Employment Relations theories to explain the relevance of the dispute between a fast growing company and the union trying to protect its members rights in the flow employment environment.Earlier this year the media spotlight turned to the dispute between AFFCO, a shopping center bear upon organisation and the in the altogether Zealand bosom Workers Union. It brought up a radical side of unionism that does not invent the majority of Union activities in bran-new Zealand. Who are the parties involved? And what is the affair that caused grief to employees and employers really most? On one side of this dispute is AFFCO, a meat adjoining organization owned by the Talleys family since 2001.In 1936 a Yugoslav immigrant, Ivan Talijancich, opened a fish shop in Motueka and bought a boat to supply it. His sons, Peter and Michael, took over the business when he died in 1964. Since then the business has fully grown and the family is now worth $300 million and Talleys Group owns eight meat plants in bran-new Zealand (AFFCO), four fish processing plants, vegetable farms, 53% majority of m ilk processor Open Country, Ice-cream pulverization in Motueka and the Rutherford Hotel in Nelson1.On the other side of the dispute is the New Zealand meaning Workers Union. The NZMWU was created in 1971 in an attempt to form a National Union to support meat workers and related trades. In the 1990s, however, other union was formed in the North Island, the Meat and Related Trades Workers Union of Aotearoa (MUA), allowing workers the freedom to choose between the two assorted unions. In 2005 a decision was made to disband all the members from MUA to NZMWU forming one virtuoso union to represent meat workers over the entire country.Since then sacrifices were made by its members through strikes and negotiations to discover the good working conditions of today2. In February this year the meat processor AFFCO locked out more than 760 unionised employees in 5 of its North Island plants over a contract dispute3. Some unionised workers were kept in any(prenominal) strategic operationa l areas while the more radical union members were locked out. The union claimed that the lockout was illegal and it was an attempt by AFFCO to break the collectivism and reduce workers memberships, they accused the Talleys family of being anti-unionism.In March AFFCO announced that all the union members that were still engaged at work would get paid holidays over easter as long as they did not participate on strikes planned by the union. The lockout continued over the Easter Holidays. After the holidays all the unionised workers that were still allowed in the plants, including workers from the other unaffected AFFCO plants went on a 5 day strike. In May 2012 the Employment Court put the dispute under investigation in an attempt to end the 3 month lockout.The dispute finally ended late May when AFFCO and the New Zealand Meat Workers Union implemented a freshly collective agreement. Overall, the dispute over a new collective agreement lasted for 12 weeks with both parties un instinc tive to give up their bureau of negotiation. AFFCO had offered a wear rise of 4. 3 per cent over the following two years, but the union also cherished to protect its members from AFFCOs efforts to implement new technology and flexibility in staffing levels. What later came to light, the New Zealand Meat Workers Union took AFFCO to the Employment Court over illegal random medicine testing.According to AFFCO the drug testing was a way to protect its employees safety while working in sensitive areas of the meat processing plant. They showed the media photos of drug paraphernalia found on site. The AFFCO lockout is not the only crusade of a breakdown of management of Employment Relations to be highlighted by the media this year. Another example is the Port of Auckland versus the Maritime Union that led to its members striking and causing shipment delays over the whole country.Both of these cases show two different sides to the Conflict Theory Frame of Reference as describe by Rasm ussen, 20094. Each party has an prospect about how they work. In the case of AFFCO the Unitarism model is followed, and, in the other second case, the New Zealand Meat Workers Union follows the Radical model of the Conflict theory. The Unitarism model adopts the idea of all members of an organisation working towards its goals therefore the conflict with the union upset the path of development. The workers are viewed as resources to the process and the management as the authority.AFFCO is a big privately owned company that is driven by competitiveness to achieve success. Being slowed down by negotiations over collective agreements with the union and being stopped to develop new technologies and systems to improve production and begin costs, AFFCO believed that the NZMWU were trouble makers expressing employees greed. This ideology was applicable to small, family owned companies in New Zealand where team work and obedience to the group were for a long time valued above individual achievement (Rasmussen, 2009, p. 9).However today, as Alan Fox suggested, a number of factors had conspired to make the unitary view inappropriate for analysing the realities of employment relations policy and practice (Fox, 1973, p. 192)5. These factors included urbanisation, the increasing size and complexity of work organisations, the weakening of traditional attitudes towards authority, the growing power of unions, and a greater personal assertiveness and striving for individual achievement and success (Rasmussen, 2009, p. 29).Therefore, for a boundary of time between the 1960s to the 1980s the pluralist and radical models found more favour. The recent attitude of the New Zealand Meat Workers Union however, is described by Rasmussen 2009 as a radical model. This ideology assumes that there is no balance of power between employees and employers. It focuses on the social and class structures and on the attitudes and behaviours of the parties involved. The conflict between AFFCO and the New Zealand Meat Workers Union is a great example of this frame of reference.Even when AFFCO agreed with a conduct increase of 4. 3 per cent over 2 years, the NZMWU did not settle, they wanted more for their members under the premise that the negotiating power was still in the meat processors hands. Both of these reactions seem somehow to be prehistoric. Since the 1990s a lot of the relationship between unions, employees and employers has changed. First, with the introduction of the Employment Contracts Act 1991 do unionism voluntary and giving employees the options of personal grievance procedures.And then, with the following Employment Relations Act in 2000 that kept many key points from the previous act and added the promotion of collective bargaining and unionism (Rasmussen 2009 p. 102-103). With the introduction of the Employment Relations Act 2000, the legislative employment relations framework appears to be less arguable and surrounded by something of a consensus (Rasmussen 2009 p. 123). The main issue during collective bargaining in the last 20 years has been the communication between the parties involved, as reported by Leeanne Templer, 20116.Therefore, the ERA also creates the environment for Good Faith Bargaining. The Good Faith Bargaining reinforces employment relationships based on trust and good faith. Now, by law, an understanding between employers and employees (with or without their unions) must be clear, respectful and with open exchange of information. As described by Rasmussen, 2009, Good faith collective bargaining requires at least the following things* That the parties have to agree on a bargaining process * That the parties must meet each other That they have to hire and respond to bargaining proposals * That they must recognise and respect the bargaining authority of the other side and empty undermining this authority * That the parties will provide the necessary information to substantiate claims * That they must take in to account relevant good faith codes, the proportion of employees who are union members, and the circumstances of employer and union. As tail end be seen from the media reporting of the bargaining conflict between AFFCO and the New Zealand Meat Workers Union, it appears that a few of the GFB points were ignored.For example, the introduction of the random drug testing was not communicated appropriately between the parties involved and the agreement on a bargaining process was then rejected. While the act introduces the Good Faith Bargaining, it also allows lawful strikes and lockouts. In this particular case, the faithfulness of the AFFCO lockout is debatable. The Union argued that AFFCOs owners, the Talleys family, are using this action to undermine collective bargaining and to punish against the court actions bought by the NZMWU.The New Zealand Meat Workers Union also felt that Talleys wished to force its employees to withdraw from their union memberships. The Employment Relat ions Act defines that strikes and lockouts are lawful if * Thy are in support of a collective agreement and * The employees concerned are not bound by a current collective agreement and * The parties involved have already negotiated for at least 40 days and * In the case of the essential services listed in the act, the notice requirement has been met.Overall, the recent Employment Relations Act has achieved a safe guideline for employments issues negotiations between employees and employers. Conclusion (not quite finished yet) The Employment Relations in New Zealand is supported by legislative set of rules that can be used to resolve disputes between workers and their employers. These disputes can be in individual or collective actions as demonstrated by AFFCO and New Zealand Meat Workers Unions 3 month conflicts. The long lasting dispute occurred because either AFFCO or NZMWU were willing to compromise its negotiation power.Each one had their own frame of reference theories. AFFCO was defending its own rights as an organisation to have its goals followed by its employees. And NZMWU was purely defending their members against AFFCOs process developments that would lead to staffing flexibility. Changes in the Employment Acts allowed the grievances of employees and employers to be negotiated between the involved parties without the governments input. It also created a Good Faith Bargaining environment which reinforces employment relationships based on trust and good faith.

Management Planning at World Com

IntroductionThe caller-up was formed in the US in 1983. The p stratagemy became quoted in the dividing line exchange in 1989. The companys growth was mainly by acquisition, in 1999 it acquired MCI to become one of the biggest communication giants in the adult male. Bernard Ebbers become the companys chief administrator in 1985. In 1998, the telecommunication industry in the US was in the decline performance voguish Mr. Ebbers was ousted, from the position in 2001.Between 1999 and 2002 world com was involved in a series of fraudulent accounting practices in order for the company to portray profitability whereas the telecommunication industry was performing poorly. The directors carried emerge this activities so as to maintain the high share price of the company in which they held many shares. The internal audit plane section at world com uncovered the more than $3.8 billion fraud, and alerted its main external auditors who were KPMG. Subsequently in July 2002 the company fille d for bankruptcy. However, the company emerged from bankruptcy in 2004 .Planning function at World ComPlanning involves evaluating the impact of present decisions on the future. The other managerial functions are carried egress only after planning function has been carried out. Planning is applic equal to(p) to all managerial levels. Planning involves coming up with the vision mission, objectives and goals. A vision communicates where the firm should be in 5- 10 years time while the mission is the rationale for business existence objectives on the other hand convert the mission, into achievable tasks.Goals used to further express the objectives. The goals in order to be acceptable should be SMART that is they should be specific, should be measurable, should be attainable they should be rewarding and should be timely. World com has developed tactics which describe how, who, what and when activities impart occur to enable the goals to be accomplished.World com carries out strategic planning. Strategic planning helps the firm know where it is now, where it wants to be and how it depart get there.Impact of Legal l issues on Management PlanningWorld com has been unable to efficiently plan its trading operations. This is because strategic planning process requires a plentifulness of resources. . In 2002 the company was involved in a number of accounting scandals. This made it file for bankruptcy. The company had to pay more than $750 million, to the authorities to compensate investors. The legal issues have affected world com since it can no longer attract competent managers, who can effectively and efficiently handle management planning at world com. Ghallab 2004In 2004, the company was able to come from bankruptcy but still it could not jam out management planning effectively. World com had to pay its previous bond holders the value of their bonds, this payments affected the operations of the company. World com also faced a number of contingent liabilities since it had very many suits pending in court this meant that the management at world com could not be able to effectively carry out management planningIMPACT OF ETHICS ON MANAGEMENT PLANNINGEthics refer to ethical principles and moral that can suffice in corporate set up. In world com a number of unethical practices have occurred. Since companies aim at maximizing shareholders wealth, but at world com major corporate governance lapses have occurred in that, the directors art world com, contracted on improving their persona interests making the shareholders incur major losses. In world com, directors were not able to follow the prescribed code of corporate governance leading to major losses in the organization, and consequently the management was not able to carry out management planningIMPACT OF CORPORATE well-disposed RESPONSIBILITY AT WORLD COMCorporate social responsibility refers to the organization looking at the interests of other stakeholders. It involves the organization , condole with for the community are large. World com was not a unsloped corporate citizen since it did not look at the affairs of stakeholders like the government, shareholders and the general public. A company which manages effectively its social responsibility programs enjoys a good corporate image in the eyes of the community. World com lacks the effective resources to carry out sound social responsibility programs and this affects the management planning process, since, the objective set in the social responsibility department will not be met. World com had too much power that the directors could control the share prices at the stock exchange.FACTROR S THAT IFLUENCE COMPANYS STATEGIC TACTICAL, OPERATIONAL AND CONTIGENCY PLANNING1. The size of it of the organization organizations which are large in size are able to carry out effective strategic planning like world com was able to carry out management planning to cover more 7 years.2. The government policy Organizations will have to carry out management planning with the laws of the land in mind.3. The Resources available Companies with a fold of resources like world com are able to carry out effective social responsibility programs.Erven 2005cambell 1990ReferencesCampbell M1990planning universal processLondon praeger greenwoodGhallab m paolo T 2004Automated planningnew york elsevier

Micro Manufacturing

ME 686 Micro-manufacturing Assignment 1 Study the effects of process disputations (speed, nutrition, depth of gelded etc. ) associated with SPDT for manufacturing of small lens let arrays. Also find out the ranges of these process parameters and values of optimal process parameters. Submitted by Marmeek Kishor Kumar Kosambia (09010332) Submitted to Dr. S. N. Joshi Date of Submission 17/01/13 Introduction A microlens array is composed of a serial of micro lens distri justed in a regular pattern and has been implementdin a wide range of photonic products.Amicro lensis a smalllens, generally with adiameterless than amillimetre(mm) and oft as small as 10 micrometers (m). The small sizes of the lenses means that a simple design lavatory give good optical quality but sometimes unwanted effects arise ascribable to opticaldiffractionat the small features. A typical micro lens may be a single element with one plane get on and one spherical convex muster to subjectthe light. Becaus e micro lenses are so small, the subst estimate that supports them is usually thicker than the lens and this has to be taken into account in the design.More sophisticated lenses may use asphericalalsurfaces and separates may use several layers of optical substantial to get through their design performance. Since surface rigorousness affects the performance of the lens, one needs to gene enumerate finely machined surface with nominal roughness Single Point Diamond Turning machining is a technique which removes materials from a few microns to sub-micron aim to achieve ductile mode machining on hard-to-machine materials such as electro less nickel plating, silicon, quartz, glass and ceramics with no subsurface defects.Such a machining process is able to achieve mirror surface closing of less than 10 nm and form illusion of less than 1um easily. If properly applied to a specific range of baseball field turnable materials, the process is far superior to grinding and polishing w here shape control is more difficult and affect time is longer. The selecting and optimization of machining parameters is one of the main factors that could influence the machining accuracy. The main machining parameters are tool feed rates, mandril speed and depth of do.The tool feed rate is normally expressed in terms of each distance travelled by the tool per social unit time (mm/min) or distance travelled per unit rotation (mm/ step upolution). It is most common to see the distance per revolution as it is directly related to the anticipate theoretical surface finish. For a given tool feed rate, larger the tool nose radius, degrade the roughness and the better the optical surface finish. The surface quality depends to great extents on the material characteristics standardised grain size, micro structure or crystal boundary, crystal uniformity and annealing procedures adopted. Casual pick of combination of machining parameters may affect the surface quality, so it is requi red to optimize the machining parameters before final SPDT process. Machining of aspheric surface is more complicated than spherical and flat surfaces because of complicated tool caterpillar tread and uneven material removal. To achieve required profile tool path should be optimized. Surface roughness with respect to multivariate nourishment rate Feed rate is most important parameter and variation of this havea great strike on the surface finish. Theoretical surface finishdepends on feed rate and tool radius.Depth of lop 2 ? m andRPM 1000 kept constant and tool feed rate is varied from 0. 5? m/rev to 5. 0 ? m/rev. the results of the look intos are asfollows. From the above experiments, it is observed that the surface finish is going guttle as we reduce feed. The surface roughness is 54. 8 nm at feed 0. 5 ? m where the depth of cut is 2 ? m and 1000 RPM was maintained. It is investigated that although look of the surface was good but it is not of optical quality at these param eters. We have varied the depth of cut at feed rate of 0. 5. Surface roughness with respect to variable depth of cutFrom the above experiments, it is observed that the surface finish is depending on the depth of cut but its behavior is distinguishable. As we increase the doc from 1? m to 2 ? m the roughness decrease from 117 nm to 54 nm and again increase the roughness on of doc. Same is again repeated on 8 ? m doc. The surface roughness is 54. 8 nm at feed 0. 5 ? m/rev where the depth of cut is 2 ? m and 1000 RPM. But it is investigated that surface is not optical at these parameters, the surface quality was dull after(prenominal) 10 ? m doc and there no use of increasing the doc more than 10 ? m.From the above experiments, it is observed that the surface finish is depending on the depth of cut but its behavior is different. As we increase the doc from 1? m to 2 ? m the roughness decrease from 117 nm to 54 nm and again increase the roughness on of doc. Same is again repeated on 8 ? m doc. The surface roughness is 54. 8 nm at feed 0. 5 ? m/rev where the depth of cut is 2 ? m and 1000 RPM. But it is investigated that surface is not optical at these parameters, the surface quality was dull after 10 ? m doc and there no use of increasing the doc more than 10 ? m.Surface roughness with respect to variable RPM From the last experiment we have seen that the depth of cut 2 ? m giving the better surface. During this experiment feed rate 0. 5 ? m/rev and depth of cut remained unchanged and RPM varied from 800 to 4000, to get the get on better surface on the work piece. Analysis of turned work piece at different RPM is carried out. Output result is shown in above table. By experiments we have seen that polycarbonate surface turned to the surface finish of below 25 nm, which is achieved at RPM 3000. A good surface finish is achieved at 800 RPM also but it is not economical.At RPM 1500 we have observed the star pattern on surface of PC. So, RPM 3000, Feed 0. 5 ? m/rev and depth of cut 2 ? m are the optimum parameters where optical surface is achieved. An empirical formula is developed for predicting surface roughness of diamond turned polycarbonate at different turning parameters (feed rate, depth of cut and RPM). Empirical formula is derived as follows. optimum turning parameter are suggested where the optical surface finish in obtained. Tool feed rate 0. 5 ? m/revolution Depth of cut 2 ? m RPM 3000 Tool cut CompensationAnother study shows the greatest challenge lies in selecting the optimum combination of the process parameters to get the best surface quality. The parameters chosen for optimization are as Spindle speed (SS), Feed rate (TFR), Depth of cut (DoC). Another parameter to optimize the machining is the tool path. The tool path compensation cycle starts with the definition of in demand(p) aspheric surface by the conic equation It is observed that by modifying the tool path, profile error ofaspheric surface is significantly reduced. The comparison between aspheric figure error, before and after tool path compensation is given in Table-4.Conclusions 1) Tool feed is the dominant parameter for surface roughness followed by the spindle rotational speed. Depth of cut shows minimal effect on surface roughness compared to other parameters. 2) Depth of cut is the leading parameter for peak to valley error, followed by spindle rotational speed. Feed rate does not have considerable effect on Pt. 3) Effect of depth of cut on Pt varies with spindle speed. However, for achieving good optical surface on the polycarbonate work piece, lower depth of cut is preferred. 4) Spindle rotational speed of 2000rpm, tool feed rate of1? m/rev and depth of cut of 2? are selected for precisemachining of polycarbonate. 5) The process of the optimization of tool path helps to optimize the machining process further. References 1. V. SainiD. SharmaS. KallaT. Chouhan, Optimization of performance Parameters to Achieve Nano LevelSurface Quality on Polycarbonate, Proceedings of the International Conference on Manufacturing Excellence, 2012 2. N. KhatriV. MishraR. G. V. Sarepaka, Optimisation of process parameter in ultra-precisiondiamond turning of polycarbonate material, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 888) Volume 48 No. 13, June 2012